Analyzing Angiotensin II Receptor Type 1 Clustering in PC12 Cells in Response to Hypoxia Using Direct Stochastic Optical Reconstruction Microscopy (dSTORM).

Angiotensin II (Ang II) is a hormone that plays a major role in maintaining homeostasis. The Ang II receptor type 1 (ATR) is expressed in acute O sensitive cells, including carotid body (CB) type I cells and pheochromocytoma 12 (PC12) cells, and Ang II increases cell activity. While a functional role for Ang II and ATRs in increasing the activity of O sensitive cells has been established, the nanoscale distribution of ATRs has not.

Mitochondrial Succinate Metabolism and Reactive Oxygen Species Are Important but Not Essential for Eliciting Carotid Body and Ventilatory Responses to Hypoxia in the Rat.

Reflex increases in breathing in response to acute hypoxia are dependent on activation of the carotid body (CB)-A specialised peripheral chemoreceptor. Central to CB O-sensing is their unique mitochondria but the link between mitochondrial inhibition and cellular stimulation is unresolved. The objective of this study was to evaluate if ex vivo intact CB nerve activity and in vivo whole body ventilatory responses to hypoxia were modified by alterations in succinate metabolism and mitochondrial ROS (mitoROS) generation in the rat.

β-Adrenoceptor blockade prevents carotid body hyperactivity and elevated vascular sympathetic nerve density induced by chronic intermittent hypoxia.

Carotid body (CB) hyperactivity promotes hypertension in response to chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH). The plasma concentration of adrenaline is reported to be elevated in CIH and our previous work suggests that adrenaline directly activates the CB. However, a role for chronic adrenergic stimulation in mediating CB hyperactivity is currently unknown.

G-Protein-Coupled Receptor (GPCR) Signaling in the Carotid Body: Roles in Hypoxia and Cardiovascular and Respiratory Disease.

The carotid body (CB) is an important organ located at the carotid bifurcation that constantly monitors the blood supplying the brain. During hypoxia, the CB immediately triggers an alarm in the form of nerve impulses sent to the brain. This activates protective reflexes including hyperventilation, tachycardia and vasoconstriction, to ensure blood and oxygen delivery to the brain and vital organs.