A novel technique for heart-thymus en bloc transplantation in nonhuman primates.

The thymus is a rich source of regulatory T cells and plays a role in self-tolerance. Therefore, transplantation of a vascularized donor thymus may facilitate the induction of tolerance in recipients of a cotransplanted heart allograft. To investigate this hypothesis, we developed a new technique to procure the heart and thymus en bloc from juvenile donors and transplant the composite allograft into thymectomized recipients.

Pulmonary Co-Infections Detected Premortem Underestimate Postmortem Findings in a COVID-19 Autopsy Case Series.

Bacterial and fungal co-infections are reported complications of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in critically ill patients but may go unrecognized premortem due to diagnostic limitations. We compared the premortem with the postmortem detection of pulmonary co-infections in 55 fatal COVID-19 cases from March 2020 to March 2021. The concordance in the premortem versus the postmortem diagnoses and the pathogen identification were evaluated.

A new partially hydrolyzed whey-based follow-on formula with age-adapted protein content supports healthy growth during the first year of life.

Background: Standard infant formulae often have higher protein content than breastmilk in order to compensate for potentially lower digestibility; excess protein intake may promote adverse effects later in life. A new partially hydrolyzed whey-based (pHF-W) follow-on formula (FoF) with age-adapted protein content was evaluated for growth and gastrointestinal (GI) tolerance in healthy infants.

Methods: Formula-fed (FF) infants ( = 108) received standard pHF-W formula (1.

pTDP-43 aggregates accumulate in non-central nervous system tissues prior to symptom onset in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a case series linking archival surgical biopsies with clinical phenotypic data.

Neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) are traditionally considered strictly neurological disorders. However, clinical presentation is not restricted to neurological systems, and non-central nervous system (CNS) manifestations, particularly gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms, are common. Our objective was to understand the systemic distribution of pathology in archived non-CNS tissues, taken as part of routine clinical practice during life from people with ALS.

Commentary: Prevention of saphenous vein graft disease remains elusive.

One-year outcomes of Ticagrelor Antiplatelet Therapy to Reduce Graft Events and Thrombosis (TARGET), a randomized double-blinded clinical trial comparing post-coronary artery bypass surgery antiplatelet therapy with ticagrelor versus aspirin are published in this issue of the Journal. Although the authors did not detect statistically significant differences in their primary outcome (saphenous vein graft patency at 1 year) and major adverse cardiovascular events, their findings must be interpreted with caution given important limitations in the design and execution of the trial.

Iron Bioavailability from Infant Cereals Containing Whole Grains and Pulses: A Stable Isotope Study in Malawian Children.

Background: Compared with infant cereals based on refined grains, an infant cereal containing whole grains (WGs) and pulses with adequate amounts of ascorbic acid to protect against absorption inhibitors could be a healthier source of well-absorbed iron. However, iron absorption from such cereals is uncertain.

Objective: We measured iron bioavailability from ferrous fumarate (Fefum) added to commercial infant cereals containing 1) refined wheat flour (reference meal), 2) WG wheat and lentil flour (WG-wheat-lentil), 3) WG wheat and chickpea flour (WG-wheat-chickpeas), and 4) WG oat flour (WG-oat) and from ferrous bisglycinate (FeBG) added to the same oat-based cereal (WG-oat-FeBG).

Association of Nutrition in Early Childhood with Body Composition and Leptin in Later Childhood and Early Adulthood.

Objectives: Using data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC), this study aimed to replicate the finding of the Etude Longitudinale Alimentation Nutrition Croissance des Enfants (ELANCE) that low fat intake in early childhood was associated with increased adiposity in adulthood.

Methods: Diet was assessed at 8 and 18 months using 3-day food records. Body composition variables were measured at 9 and 17 years, and serum leptin at 9 years.

Love at First Click: Surgery Residency Websites in the Virtual Era.

Introduction: Frequently, a residency program's website is the first interaction students interested in surgery have with the program. In the setting of virtual interviews for residency in 2020, the online availability of program information is of heightened importance. We sought to assess how academic versus community-based general surgery residency programs compared with respect to certain details on their websites.

Ultrasound-assisted catheter directed thrombolysis for pulmonary embolus during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.

Background: Acute pulmonary embolism (PE) is the third most common cause of cardiovascular death. For patients who are hemodynamically unstable, veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) support has been shown to provide hemodynamic stability, and allow time for definitive treatment and recovery. Ultrasound-assisted catheter directed thrombolysis (USAT) has the potential to be a safe adjunct and expedite right ventricular (RV) recovery for patients requiring VA-ECMO for PE.

A Retrospective Study of Infection in Patients Requiring Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Support.

Background: Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) in critically ill patients are a serious public health problem. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) has been used increasingly for patients with severe cardiac or respiratory failure, but it may increase HAI risk. The goal of our study was to characterize HAIs in ECMO patients at an ECMO referral center.

To thine own (empowered) self be true: Aligning social hierarchy motivation and leader behavior.

Research to date has advanced opposing viewpoints on whether leaders who are psychologically empowered support the autonomy of their subordinates or engage in controlling leader behaviors. Our integration of research on empowerment and social hierarchy suggests that leaders' feelings of empowerment can promote autonomy-supporting and/or controlling leader behaviors, contingent on the leaders' prestige and dominance motivations, respectively. Our findings demonstrate that, among leaders high (vs.

Efficacy of an iron-fortified infant cereal to reduce the risk of iron deficiency anemia in young children in East Cameroon.

Complementary foods in Africa are often poor sources of bioavailable iron. We assessed the efficacy of iron-fortified wheat-based infant cereal (IC) to reduce the risk of iron deficiency anemia in children aged 18-59 months in Cameroon. A 6-month double-blind, cluster-randomized controlled trial was conducted in 2017 among anemic (hemoglobin 7-11 g/dl) but otherwise healthy children.

Trends in female surgeon authorship - The role of the middle author.

Background: The objective of this study was to compare middle authorships between male and female general surgeons in the United States.

Methods: A stratified random sample of American College of Surgeons general surgery fellows was identified. Relevant author demographic, affiliation, and publication metrics were collected and compared across cohorts to determine which demographics were prognostic for each outcome variable.

A porous collagen-GAG scaffold promotes muscle regeneration following volumetric muscle loss injury.

Volumetric muscle loss (VML) is a segmental loss of skeletal muscle which commonly heals with fibrosis, minimal muscle regeneration, and loss of muscle strength. Treatment options for these wounds which promote functional recovery are currently lacking. This study was designed to investigate whether the collagen-GAG scaffold (CGS) promotes functional muscle recovery following VML.

Drivers of desire for social rank.

Why are humans so often obsessed with climbing social hierarchies and increasing their social rank? This question has fascinated psychologists for decades and, in this paper, we review recent research intended to answer five specific questions related to people's desire for high social rank: (1) why do people desire high social rank, (2) for whom is the desire for high social rank the strongest, (3) when (i.e., under which circumstances) is the desire for social rank the strongest, (4) what are the consequences of the desire for high social rank, and (5) when and why do people not desire to maximize their social rank? Finally, we offer future directions for research on drivers of desire for social rank.

Comparative study of preterm infants fed new and existing human milk fortifiers showed favourable markers of gastrointestinal status.

Aim: This study examined the influence of different human milk fortifiers on biomarkers of gastrointestinal immaturity and inflammation in preterm infants.

Methods: We report secondary outcomes from a controlled, double-blind, randomised, parallel group study conducted from 2011 to 2014 in neonatal intensive care units at 11 metropolitan hospitals in France, Belgium, Germany, Switzerland and Italy. Preterm infants born at up to 32 weeks or weighing up to 1500 g were randomised to a new powdered human milk fortifier (n = 77) or a control fortifier (n = 76) for a minimum of 21 days.

Diet at Age 10 and 13 Years in Children Identified as Picky Eaters at Age 3 Years and in Children Who Are Persistent Picky Eaters in A Longitudinal Birth Cohort Study.

Picky eating has been associated with lower intakes of some nutrients and foods during preschool ages but there is little known about the longer-term diet. The aim of this study was to characterise the diets of children aged 10 and 13 years who had been identified as: (1) picky eaters at age 3 years (cross-sectional); and (2) picky eaters at 2-5.5 years old (longitudinal).

Correction: Billeaud et al. "Effects on Fatty Acid Metabolism of a New Powdered Human Milk Fortifier Containing Medium-Chain Triacylglycerols and Docosahexaenoic Acid in Preterm Infants" 2018, , 690.

The authors wish to make a correction to the published version of their paper [...

Reply: "Letter to the Editor Re: Billeaud et al. 2018, , 690".

We thank Bernard and colleagues for their careful reading and interest in our article [...

Factors Associated with Breastfeeding Initiation and Continuation: A Meta-Analysis.

Objective: To use a quantitative approach to evaluate the literature for quantity, quality, and consistency of studies of maternal and infant characteristics in association with breastfeeding initiation and continuation, and to conduct a meta-analysis to produce summary relative risks (RRs) for selected factors.

Study Design: A systematic review using PubMed and CINAHL through March 2016 was conducted to identify relevant observational studies in developed nations, reporting a measure of risk for 1 or more of 6 quantitatively derived, high impact factors in relation to either breastfeeding initiation or continuation. One author abstracted data using a predesigned database, which was reviewed by a second independent author; data evaluation and interpretation included all co-authors.

Antecedents of picky eating behaviour in young children.

Background: Picky eating behaviour in young children is a common concern for parents.

Objective: To investigate early life factors which are associated with a child becoming a picky eater.

Design: Singleton children from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children were studied prospectively (n = 5758-6608).

Growth and body composition in children who are picky eaters: a longitudinal view.

Background/objectives: Picky eating may be associated with higher risk of being underweight and poor growth over time or conversely, being overweight. Our aim was to investigate if children identified as picky eaters showed differences in height, weight and body composition from their non-picky peers.

Subjects/methods: Picky eaters were identified in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children cohort at 3 years of age.