A US-Based Consensus on Diagnostic Overlap and Distinction for Pediatric Feeding Disorder and Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder.

Objective: As diagnoses covering dysfunctional feeding and eating in pediatrics, avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) and pediatric feeding disorder (PFD) contain inherent areas of overlap in their diagnostic criteria. Areas of overlap include criteria regarding nutritional consequences associated with feeding/eating dysfunction and shared emphasis on possible psychosocial impairment associated with restricted food intake. Complicating the differential diagnosis process is a lack of guidance regarding when the two conditions occur independently, co-qualify, and/or transition into the other.

Intensive Outpatient Programs for Pediatric Feeding Disorder: A Qualitative Study of Current Challenges and Future Directions.

Background: Although intensive multidisciplinary interventions (IMIs) provide benefits for patients with pediatric feeding disorders (PFD), access to these programs is limited and challenges faced by the programs remain unclear.

Objective: To better understand the barriers faced by existing day programs that provide IMI, disparities in patient care, and areas for improvement to better inform policy and improve access to treatment for PFD.

Methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with a leader of outpatient programs providing IMI in the United States.

Alterations in Child Feeding Behavior: An Underrecognized Clinical Complication of Food Allergy.

Background: Food allergy (FA) affects around 5.6 million children in the United States, conferring risk for negative impacts on growth and psychosocial functioning. While evidence suggests a higher prevalence of feeding difficulties in children with FA, the link between FA and feeding dysfunction remains unclear.

Trajectory of Infant Problematic Feeding Symptoms: Study Protocol.

Background: Infants with developmental risk factors are more likely to have feeding problems and develop chronic feeding disorders. Early detection and understanding of the progression of problematic feeding and its relationship with a child's biological functioning and the family feeding environment will enhance effective symptom management and development of interventions to prevent pediatric feeding disorders.

Objectives: The New Through Two (NewThru2) feeding study protocol is described.

Preparedness of Speech Language Pathologists and Occupational Therapists to Treat Pediatric Feeding Disorder: A Cross-Sectional Survey.

Background: Pediatric feeding disorder (PFD) is increasingly common and is often treated by speech language pathologists (SLPs) and occupational therapists (OTs) in the community setting. However, the preparedness of these disciplines to effectively address PFD is relatively unknown.

Methods: A national (US), online survey was disseminated to providers who assess and treat PFD.

Assessing the US treatment landscape for paediatric feeding disorder: A survey of multidisciplinary providers.

Background: Paediatric feeding disorder (PFD) is a common childhood condition, estimated to impact one in 37 American children under the age of five. Such high prevalence occurs against a backdrop of limited understanding of the community treatment landscape in the United States.

Method: To better understand the community treatment landscape for PFD in the United States and identify provider and treatment delivery characteristics, we collected primary data through a web-based survey targeting providers from all four PFD domains (i.

Mapping the gaps: A scoping review of research on pediatric feeding disorder.

Background & Aims: Pediatric feeding disorder (PFD) is defined as impaired oral intake that is not age-appropriate, and is associated with medical, nutritional, feeding skill, and/or psychosocial dysfunction. As PFD is prevalent and increasing, so are publications on the topic; however, the research literature is often disparate in terminology used and siloed by discipline. Greater understanding of the current research concerning PFD will help identify areas in need of further study.

Feeding During Infancy: Interpersonal Behavior, Physiology, and Obesity Risk.

Infancy is a sensitive developmental period that presents both opportunities and challenges for caregivers to feed their infants in ways that support healthy growth and development. The capacity to eat in a way that supports energy (caloric) intake aligned with the body's physiologic need for growth and development appear to diminish in the years following infancy, but the reasons for this and whether this is developmentally typical are unclear. Feeding interactions that undermine infants' ability to regulate their intake in response to hunger and satiety are thought to confer risk for obesity in infancy and beyond.

The Impact of Feeding on the Parent and Family Scales (Feeding Impact Scales): Development and Psychometric Testing.

Background And Purpose: Families of children with feeding disorder face significant challenges in supporting their child's feeding, growth, and development. The Feeding Impact Scales were developed to assess how child feeding impacts parent and family.

Methods: Items were adapted from an existing scale.

Factor Structure and Psychometric Properties of the Neonatal Eating Assessment Tool-Bottle-Feeding (NeoEAT-Bottle-Feeding).

Background: Feeding difficulties are common in infancy. There are currently no valid and reliable parent-report measures to assess bottle-feeding in infants younger than 7 months. The Neonatal Eating Assessment Tool (NeoEAT)-Bottle-feeding has been developed and content validated.

Factor Structure and Psychometric Properties of the Neonatal Eating Assessment Tool-Breastfeeding.

The purpose of this study was to identify the factor structure of the Neonatal Eating Assessment Tool-Breastfeeding (NeoEAT-Breastfeeding) and to assess its psychometric properties, including internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, and construct validity as measured by concurrent and known-groups validity. Exploratory factor analysis conducted on responses from 402 parents of breastfeeding infants younger than 7 months old showed a 62-item measure with seven subscales and acceptable internal consistency reliability (Cronbach's α = .92).

"It's a Long-Term Process": Description of Daily Family Life When a Child Has a Feeding Disorder.

Pediatric feeding problems occur in 25% of the general pediatric population and up to 80% of those who have developmental delays. When feeding problems place the child at nutritional risk, families are typically encouraged to increase their child's intake. Family mealtime can become a battle, which further reinforces problematic feeding behaviors from the child and intensifies well-intentioned but unguided parental mealtime efforts.

The Neonatal Eating Assessment Tool: Development and Content Validation.

Purpose: To develop and content validate the Neonatal Eating Assessment Tool (NeoEAT), a parent-report measure of infant feeding.

Design: The NeoEAT was developed in three phases. Phase 1: Items were generated from a literature review, available assessment tools, and parents' descriptions of problematic feeding in infants.

The Pediatric Eating Assessment Tool: Factor Structure and Psychometric Properties.

Objectives: The Pediatric Eating Assessment Tool (PediEAT) is a parent-report instrument developed to assess symptoms of feeding problems in children aged 6 months to 7 years. The purpose of this study was to identify the factor structure of the PediEAT and test its psychometric properties, including internal consistency reliability, temporal stability, and construct validity.

Methods: Participants included 567 parents of children aged 6 months to 7 years.

Feeding problems in infancy and early childhood: evolutionary concept analysis.

Aim: The aim of this study was to report an analysis of the concept of pediatric feeding problems.

Background: Reviews of the literature on pediatric feeding problems and disorders repeatedly reference the lack of a shared conceptualization of feeding problems. It is difficult to track aetiology, prevalence and incidence of a phenomenon when available definitions and diagnoses lack practical utility.

Concept of Pediatric Feeding Problems From the Parent Perspective.

Purpose: Feeding difficulties in early childhood are common, affecting approximately 25% of typically developing children and up to 80% of children with developmental disabilities. There is no interdisciplinary consensus on the definition of a feeding problem and there is no input from families in the conceptualization. Lack of common language is a barrier to effective communication between clinicians, researchers, and caregivers, and inhibits collaboration.

Mothers' Psychological Distress and Feeding of Their Preterm Infants.

Purpose: To examine the change in psychological distress of mothers of preterm infants and its association with maternal feeding behaviors as the infant transitions to full oral feeding.

Study Design And Methods: This descriptive exploratory study used a subset of data from a study of the effects of a coregulated feeding intervention for 34 mothers and hospitalized preterm infants in a Level-III neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Maternal psychological distress was measured by maternal worry (Child Health Worry Scale), depression (Center for Epidemiology-Depression Scale), and role stress (Parental Stress Scale: NICU-Role Alteration) at three time points: within 1 week prior to the first oral feeding (T1), and at achievement of half (T2) and full oral feeding (T3).

Milk Flow Rates from bottle nipples used after hospital discharge.

Purpose: To test the milk flow rates and variability in flow rates of bottle nipples used after hospital discharge.

Study Design And Methods: Twenty-six nipple types that represented 15 common brands as well as variety in price per nipple and store location sold (e.g.

Effects of milk flow on the physiological and behavioural responses to feeding in an infant with hypoplastic left heart syndrome.

Infants with hypoplastic left heart syndrome often experience difficulty with oral feeding, which contributes to growth failure, morbidity, and mortality. In response to feeding difficulty, clinicians often change the bottle nipple, and thus milk flow rate. Slow-flow nipples have been found to reduce the stress of feeding in other fragile infants, but no research has evaluated the responses of infants with hypoplastic left heart syndrome to alterations in milk flow.

Assessment Tools for Evaluation of Oral Feeding in Infants Younger Than 6 Months.

Background: Feeding difficulty is common in infants younger than 6 months. Identification of infants in need of specialized treatment is critical to ensure appropriate nutrition and feeding skill development. Valid and reliable assessment tools help clinicians objectively evaluate feeding.

Milk Flow Rates From Bottle Nipples Used for Feeding Infants Who Are Hospitalized.

Purpose: This study tested the milk flow rates and variability in flow of currently available nipples used for bottle-feeding infants who are hospitalized.

Method: Clinicians in 3 countries were surveyed regarding nipples available to them for feeding infants who are hospitalized. Twenty-nine nipple types were identified, and 10 nipples of each type were tested by measuring the amount of infant formula expressed in 1 min using a breast pump.

Development and content validation of the Pediatric Eating Assessment Tool (Pedi-EAT).

Purpose: In this article, the authors describe the development and content validation of a parent-report measure of problematic eating behaviors: the Pediatric Eating Assessment Tool (Pedi-EAT).

Method: In Phase I, items were generated from parents' descriptions of problematic feeding behaviors of children, review of literature, and review of existing eating-related instruments. In Phase II, interdisciplinary experts on pediatric eating behaviors rated the items for clarity and relevance using content validity indices (CVI) and provided feedback on the comprehensiveness of the instrument.