Sonographic pitfalls in imaging of the antropyloric region in infants.

Certain pitfalls exist in the sonographic evaluation of the antrum in infants who are vomiting. Unless one is aware of these pitfalls, one can make erroneous diagnoses, miss diagnoses, or obtain erroneous measurements of both the mucosal and muscular layers. A discussion of these pitfalls and how to avoid them is presented.

Epidemiologic evidence of perinatal influence in the etiology of adult cancers.

Using data from 5489 cancer patients and 2647 patients without cancer we investigated whether parental age at the birth of the patient or the patient's rank within his sibship was related to the risk of cancer during adulthood. An increase of 10 years in maternal age was associated with an increase of 24% for the incidence of breast cancer (odds ratio = 1.24%; 95% CI = 1.

Gastroesophageal reflux: how much imaging is required?

The authors present a protocol for the selection of imaging studies for infants suspected of gastroesophageal reflux. In most cases, only a single imaging procedure is required. Three groups of patients are considered: those suspected of an esophageal or postgastric obstruction who require a barium GI series; those who appear to have reflux and a possible gastric obstruction in whom sonographic study of the gastric outlet is advised; and those suspected of aspirating in whom the possibility of reflux is studied by scintigraphy.

How useful is gastroesophageal reflux scintigraphy in suspected childhood aspiration?

It has been suggested that gastroesophageal reflux scintigraphy (GRS) might be useful in assisting one in determining therapy for patients suspected of aspirating or becoming apneic secondary to gastroesophageal reflux. This, however, has not been our experience and in reviewing 23 patients with recurrent pneumonia and/or apnea who had GRS, we were able to detect aspiration in only one. This was especially significant since 13 (59%) of these patients had demonstrable reflux, and of these, eight were treated successfully for suspected aspiration even though none was demonstrated isotopically.

Successful management of congenital tracheal stenosis in infancy.

Seven infants with congenital tracheal stenosis were evaluated and treated to assess the efficacy of current techniques of management. All had multiple congenital anomalies in addition to tracheal stenosis. Notably, three infants had imperforate anus and three had vascular rings.

Successful percutaneous drainage of pyogenic liver abscess complicated by bronchobiliary fistula.

We have used percutaneous transhepatic drainage of pyogenic hepatic abscesses with good result. This technique has been used effectively in adults by several authors. We believe this report represents the first instance of successful percutaneous drainage of a pyogenic liver abscess complicated by a bronchobiliary fistula.

Gastric ulcer disease in infants: US findings.

Among 600 infants examined with ultrasound for vomiting, seven (mean age, 3 months) had distinctive features that can be considered diagnostic of gastric ulcer. The findings are thickening of the mucosa (greater than 4 mm) in the antropyloric region, elongation of the antropyloric canal, persistent spasm, and delayed gastric emptying. Two of the infants had slight thickening of the pyloric muscle.

Abnormalities of the neonatal brain: MR imaging. Part II. Hypoxic-ischemic brain injury.

Eighty-five infants, 82 of whom were 29-44 weeks postconceptional age, were imaged with a 0.6-T magnet. Eight infants had cerebral infarction.

Abnormalities of the neonatal brain: MR imaging. Part I. Intracranial hemorrhage.

The authors prospectively evaluated 82 neonates, ranging in gestational age from 29 to 44 weeks postconception, with magnetic resonance (MR) imaging at 0.6 T. Twenty-two cases of hemorrhage in 15 infants were identified.

Developmental features of the neonatal brain: MR imaging. Part II. Ventricular size and extracerebral space.

Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging with a 0.6-T magnet was performed on 51 neonates, aged 29-42 weeks postconception. In 45 neonates, the ventricular/brain ratio (V/B) at the level of the frontal horns and midbody of the lateral ventricles ranged from 0.

Developmental features of the neonatal brain: MR imaging. Part I. Gray-white matter differentiation and myelination.

To establish the normal appearance of the neonatal brain, 51 neonates, 29-42 weeks postconception, underwent magnetic resonance (MR) imaging with a 0.6-T magnet in a prospective study. T1-weighted images were used to devise stages for the appearance of gray-white matter differentiation and extent of myelination.

Urinary tract infections in childhood: a current imaging approach.

The authors present their approach to the evaluation of urinary tract infection in childhood based on real time sonography, 99m-Tc-DTPA scintigraphy and voiding cystourethography.

Spontaneous extrahepatic biliary duct perforation in infancy.

Spontaneous extrahepatic biliary duct perforation in infancy is exceedingly rare. We report a patient in whom the diagnosis was established by ultrasonography and hepatobiliary scintigraphy.

Giant congenital cystic malformation of the gallbladder.

This report describes the diagnosis and management of a "giant cystic malformation of the gallbladder," in a child with multiple congenital anomalies.

The meteorological satellite: overview of 25 years of operation.

The first weather satellite was launched on 1 April 1960. In the 25 years since, weather satellites have contributed to improved weather analyses and forecasts worldwide. As a maturing component of a global observing system, the meteorological satellite promises even greater financial benefits and a higher quality of life to mankind.

Viral vs. bacterial pulmonary infections in children (is roentgenographic differentiation possible?).

This study was conducted to determine whether one could identify viral and bacterial pulmonary infections with confidence. It has been our impression for some time that one could differentiate viral from bacterial pulmonary infections on the basis of roentgenographic findings alone and to test this hypothesis, we conducted this study where the roentgenographic findings first were categorized as being due to viral or bacterial infection and then compared with clinical results. The overall accuracy was just over 90% and our method of analysis is presented.

Pyogenic liver abscesses in nonimmunocompromised children.

Pyogenic liver abscesses are rare in previously healthy children. This review reports ten such cases of pyogenic abscess seen between 1963 and 1984. The mean age in these children was 6.

Renal cystic disease in childhood.

The authors present a comprehensive review of the diagnostic features of eight forms of renal cystic disease that occur in childhood. Sonographic findings are emphasized.

Abdominal masses in children.

The authors examine the effects of ultrasound on the diagnosis and treatment of abdominal masses in children. Some of the newer imaging modalities may also be required on a selective basis. All in all, these modalities have led to a completely new approach to abdominal masses in children.