Challenges in establishing small animal models for : Host specificity and resistance to infection in rodent hosts.

This study explores potential small animal models for the dog hookworm, , a parasitic nematode which has repeatedly exhibited the ability to develop resistance to a range of anthelmintics. Immunomodulated hamsters, gerbils, rats, and mice were infected with Despite varying degrees of immunosuppression, and in some cases, total adaptive immunodeficiency, no adult worms were recovered, and larval arrest (L3 stage) occurred in muscle tissue of mice and hamsters. This highlights the strict host specificity of and emphasizes the challenges of developing rodent models usable for anthelmintic testing with a strict specialist parasite.

Impact Assessment Through Interrupted Time Series: Divergent Influences of Stay-at-Home Order on Socioeconomically Disadvantaged Areas in NYC Shooting Incidents.

This study examines the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and stay-at-home (SAH) orders on gun violence in New York City (NYC), with a focus on variations across neighborhood demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. Using a 4-year longitudinal and geospatial analysis, we investigate the relationship between socioeconomic factors (e.g.

Assessing parasite genomes assembled using only Oxford Nanopore Technologies MinION data.

In this study, we assessed the quality of genome assemblies for three species of parasitic nematodes (, , and ) generated using only Oxford Nanopore Technologies MinION data. Assemblies were compared to current reference genomes and against additional assemblies that were supplemented with short-read Illumina data through polishing or hybrid assembly approaches. For each species, assemblies generated using only MinION data had similar or superior measures of contiguity, completeness, and gene content.

Altered larval activation response associated with multidrug resistance in the canine hookworm .

Parasitic gastrointestinal nematodes pose significant health risks to humans, livestock, and companion animals, and their control relies heavily on the use of anthelmintic drugs. Overuse of these drugs has led to the emergence of resistant nematode populations. Herein, a naturally occurring isolate (referred to as BCR) of the dog hookworm, , that is resistant to 3 major classes of anthelmintics is characterized.

Immunity mediates host specificity in the human hookworm .

Hookworm infection affects millions globally, leading to chronic conditions like malnutrition and anaemia. Among the hookworm species, stands out as a generalist, capable of infecting various hosts, including humans, cats, dogs and hamsters. Surprisingly, it cannot establish in mice, despite their close phylogenetic relationship to hamsters.

The nematode parasite is pathogenic to larvae without activating their immune response.

Entomopathogenic nematodes are commonly used to control insect pest populations in the field. They also contribute substantially to understanding the molecular basis of nematode pathogenicity and insect anti-nematode immunity. Here, we tested the effect of the entomopathogenic nematode on the survival and immune signaling regulation of wild type larvae.

Defending Others Online: The Influence of Observing Formal and Informal Social Control on One's Willingness to Defend Cyberhate Victims.

This paper examines factors correlated with online self-help-an informal form of social control vis-à-vis intervention-upon witnessing a cyberhate attack. Using online surveys from 18- to 26-year-old respondents in the United States, we explore the roles of various types of online and offline formal and informal social control mechanisms on the enactment of self-help through the use of descriptive statistics and ordinal logistic regression. The results of the multivariate analyses indicate that online collective efficacy is positively related to self-help, as is having close ties to individuals and groups offline and online.

Comparative transcriptomics from intestinal cells of permissive and non-permissive hosts during infection reveals unique signatures of protection and host specificity.

Soil-transmitted nematodes (STNs) place a tremendous burden on health and economics worldwide with an estimate of at least 1.5 billion people, or 24% of the population, being infected with at least 1 STN globally. Children and pregnant women carry the heavier pathological burden, and disease caused by the blood-feeding worm in the intestine can result in anaemia and delays in physical and intellectual development.

Changes in Online Illegal Drug Buying during COVID-19: Assessing Effects due to a Changing Market or Changes in Strain using a Longitudinal Sample Design.

This research uses longitudinal data to investigate if illegal online drug purchases changed over time during the COVID-19 pandemic, and if these changes were primarily driven by users adjusting to market conditions or by a heightened level of pandemic-induced strain that could drive a greater demand for drugs. Data were collected across four waves between fall 2019 and fall 2021 using an online survey. Data showed an increase in reported online drug purchases across the waves, but the online drug purchases remained consistent for the first year of the pandemic, but increased by approximately 44% between the fall 2020 and fall 2021 when over 13 percent of the sample admitted to buying illegal drugs online.

Iatrogenic and spontaneous preterm birth in England: A population-based cohort study.

Objective: To describe the rates of and risk factors associated with iatrogenic and spontaneous preterm birth and the variation in rates between hospitals.

Design: Cohort study using electronic health records.

Setting: English National Health Service.

MINI-BAERMANN FUNNEL, A SIMPLE DEVICE FOR CLEANING NEMATODE INFECTIVE LARVAE.

The Baermann filter method is a long-standing, simple technique for recovering nematodes from soil and charcoal coprocultures. Material containing the nematodes is placed on a mesh screen lined with several layers of tissue paper or cheesecloth, and the screen is placed in the mouth of the funnel. Rubber tubing attached to the funnel stem is clamped, and water is added to submerge the material.

Use of induction of labour and emergency caesarean section and perinatal outcomes in English maternity services: a national hospital-level study.

Objectives: To assess the association between hospital-level rates of induction of labour and emergency caesarean section, as measures of "practice style", and rates of adverse perinatal outcomes.

Design: National study using electronic maternity records.

Setting: English National Health Service.

Culturing and Genetically Manipulating Entomopathogenic Nematodes.

Entomopathogenic nematodes in the genera Heterorhabditis and Steinernema are obligate parasites of insects that live in the soil. The main characteristic of their life cycle is the mutualistic association with the bacteria Photorhabdus and Xenorhabdus, respectively. The nematode parasites are able to locate and enter suitable insect hosts, subvert the insect immune response, and multiply efficiently to produce the next generation that will actively hunt new insect prey to infect.

Factors Associated with Online Hate Acceptance: A Cross-National Six-Country Study among Young Adults.

The Internet, specifically social media, is among the most common settings where young people encounter hate speech. Understanding their attitudes toward the phenomenon is crucial for combatting it because acceptance of such content could contribute to furthering the spread of hate speech as well as ideology contamination. The present study, theoretically grounded in the General Aggression Model (GAM), investigates factors associated with online hate acceptance among young adults.

Obstetric interventions and pregnancy outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic in England: A nationwide cohort study.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted maternity services worldwide and imposed restrictions on societal behaviours. This national study aimed to compare obstetric intervention and pregnancy outcome rates in England during the pandemic and corresponding pre-pandemic calendar periods, and to assess whether differences in these rates varied according to ethnic and socioeconomic background.

Methods And Findings: We conducted a national study of singleton births in English National Health Service hospitals.

Risk of postpartum haemorrhage is associated with ethnicity: A cohort study of 981 801 births in England.

Objective: To determine the association between ethnic group and risk of postpartum haemorrhage in women giving birth.

Design: Cohort study.

Setting: Maternity units in England.

Adverse pregnancy outcomes attributable to socioeconomic and ethnic inequalities in England: a national cohort study.

Background: Socioeconomic deprivation and minority ethnic background are risk factors for adverse pregnancy outcomes. We aimed to quantify the magnitude of these socioeconomic and ethnic inequalities at the population level in England.

Methods: In this cohort study, we used data compiled by the National Maternity and Perinatal Audit, based on birth records from maternity information systems used by 132 National Health Service hospitals in England, linked to administrative hospital data.

Associations between ethnicity and admission to intensive care among women giving birth: a cohort study.

Objective: To determine the association between ethnic group and likelihood of admission to intensive care in pregnancy and the postnatal period.

Design: Cohort study.

Setting: Maternity and intensive care units in England and Wales.

Maternal and perinatal outcomes of pregnant women with SARS-CoV-2 infection at the time of birth in England: national cohort study.

Background: Some studies have suggested that women with SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy are at increased risk of adverse pregnancy and neonatal outcomes, but these associations are still not clear.

Objective: This study aimed to determine the association between SARS-CoV-2 infection at the time of birth and maternal and perinatal outcomes.

Study Design: This is a population-based cohort study in England.

Waterbirth: a national retrospective cohort study of factors associated with its use among women in England.

Background: Waterbirth is widely available in English maternity settings for women who are not at increased risk of complications during labour. Immersion in water during labour is associated with a number of maternal benefits. However for birth in water the situation is less clear, with conclusive evidence on safety lacking and little known about the characteristics of women who give birth in water.

Chemogenomic approach to identifying nematode chemoreceptor drug targets in the entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora.

Parasitic nematodes constitute one of the major threats to human health, causing diseases of major socioeconomic importance worldwide. Recent estimates indicate that more than 1 billion people are infected with parasitic nematodes around the world. Current measures to combat parasitic nematode infections include anthelmintic drugs.