Preinjury beta blocker usage does not affect the heart rate response to initial trauma resuscitation.

Background: The effect of preinjury beta blockade on heart rate during initial trauma resuscitation is unclear. We hypothesized that preinjury beta blockade does not affect the heart rate response to initial trauma resuscitation.

Methods: A case-control study of patients admitted to a level I trauma center was conducted.

Prevalence of HIV and risky sexual behaviors among rural drug users: does age matter?

Objectives: To determine the seroprevalence of HIV among a representative sample of drug-using adults in a rural area. Also, to determine whether young drug-using adults in a rural area engage in greater levels of sexual risk behavior than their older counterparts.

Methods: Cross-sectional study of 503 adult drug users.

Risky relationships: targeting HIV prevention for women offenders.

HIV is a health issue for women offenders who are at particularly high risk. Women's prisons can be opportune settings for HIV prevention interventions. How women perceive partner relationships could be central to targeting HIV interventions.

Hepatitis C viremia and genotype distribution among a sample of nonmedical prescription drug users exposed to HCV in rural Appalachia.

Research has demonstrated that hepatitis C (HCV) genotype distribution varies geographically and demographically. This exploratory study examines HCV viremia, viral concentration, and genotype distribution among anti-HCV positive, rural Appalachian nonmedical prescription drug users. The study population was randomly selected from a pool of 200 anti-HCV positive participants in a longitudinal study.

Bhopal atmospheric dispersion revisited.

There is a vital need to understand details of the methylisocyanate (MIC) release that occurred at the 1984 Union Carbide Ltd. pesticide plant in Bhopal, India in order to avoid or respond to such releases in the future. However, we believe there are serious deficiencies in currently available dispersion predictions of the impact of toxic materials on humans and animals downwind of the plant.

Nonmedical use of prescription medications among adolescents in the United States: a systematic review.

Purpose: The purpose of this review was to systematically summarize research on nonmedical use of prescription medications (NMUPM) among U.S. adolescents, with specific focus on scheduled medications falling into one of the following drug classes: pain relievers, stimulants, sedatives, or tranquilizers.

Social networks and HCV viraemia in anti-HCV-positive rural drug users.

Although social networks are known to play an important role in drug-using behaviours associated with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, literature on social networks and HCV is inconsistent. This exploratory study examined HCV RNA distribution within a social network of anti-HCV-positive non-medical prescription opioid users (NMPOUs) in rural Appalachia. Participants were tested serologically for HCV RNA, and behavioural, demographic, and network data were collected using interview-administered questionnaires.

Inability to access buprenorphine treatment as a risk factor for using diverted buprenorphine.

Background: As buprenorphine prescribing has increased in the United States so have reports of its diversion. The study purpose was to examine frequency and source of and risk factors for diverted buprenorphine use over a 6-month period in an Appalachian community sample of prescription opioid abusers.

Methods: There were 503 participants at baseline; 471 completed the 6-month follow-up assessment.

Identification of trauma exposure and PTSD in adolescent psychiatric inpatients: an exploratory study.

Trauma exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), though prevalent among adolescent psychiatric inpatients, are underidentified in standard clinical practice. In a retrospective chart review of 140 adolescents admitted to a psychiatric inpatient unit, we examined associations between probable PTSD identified through the Child PTSD Symptom Scale and adolescents' service use and clinical characteristics. Results suggest a large discrepancy between rates of probable PTSD identified through standardized assessment and during the emergency room psychiatric evaluation (28.

OxyContin® as currency: OxyContin® use and increased social capital among rural Appalachian drug users.

Studies have shown that position within networks of social relations can have direct implications on the health behaviors of individuals. The present study examines connections between drug use and individual social capital within social networks of drug users (n = 503) from rural Appalachian Kentucky, U.S.

The link between angiotensin II-mediated anxiety and mood disorders with NADPH oxidase-induced oxidative stress.

The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and its active peptide angiotensin II (AngII) have major involvements not only in hypertension but also in mood and anxiety disorders. Substantial evidence supports the notion that AngII acts as a neuromodulator in the brain. In this review, we provide an overview of the link between the RAS and anxiety or mood disorders, and focus on recent advances in the understanding of AngII-linked, NADPH oxidase-derived oxidative stress in the central nervous system, which may underlie pathogenesis of mood and anxiety disorders.

A comparison of rural and urban nonmedical prescription opioid users' lifetime and recent drug use.

Background: Nonmedical prescription opioid use has emerged as a major public health concern. The growing burden of nonmedical prescription opioid use in America may have unique manifestations and consequences in rural areas, which to a large extent have yet to be explored.

Objectives: To describe rural-urban differences among drug users in recent and lifetime use and age of onset of use for alcohol, heroin, OxyContin(®), oxycodone, hydrocodone, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, cocaine, crack, methamphetamine, amphetamine, marijuana, hallucinogens, and inhalants.

Photoinitiated electron transfer within the Paracoccus denitrificans cytochrome bc1 complex: mobility of the iron-sulfur protein is modulated by the occupant of the Q(o) site.

Domain rotation of the Rieske iron-sulfur protein (ISP) between the cytochrome (cyt) b and cyt c(1) redox centers plays a key role in the mechanism of the cyt bc(1) complex. Electron transfer within the cyt bc(1) complex of Paracoccus denitrificans was studied using a ruthenium dimer to rapidly photo-oxidize cyt c(1) within 1 μs and initiate the reaction. In the absence of any added quinol or inhibitor of the bc(1) complex at pH 8.

Transition from first illicit drug use to first injection drug use among rural Appalachian drug users: a cross-sectional comparison and retrospective survival analysis.

Aim: The study's objectives were to characterize initiation of injection drug use, examine the independent association of specific substance use with injection drug use and determine factors associated with rates of transition from first illicit drug use to first injection among a sample of rural Appalachian drug users.

Design: Interview-administered questionnaires were administered to a sample of drug users recruited via respondent-driven sampling.

Setting: Appalachian Kentucky.

The acidic domain of cytochrome c₁ in paracoccus denitrificans, analogous to the acidic subunits in eukaryotic bc₁ complexes, is not involved in the electron transfer reaction to its native substrate cytochrome c(552).

The cytochrome bc(1) complex is a key component in several respiratory pathways. One of the characteristics of the eukaryotic complex is the presence of a small acidic subunit, which is thought to guide the interaction of the complex with its electron acceptor and facilitate electron transfer. Paracoccus denitrificans represents the only example of a prokaryotic organism in which a highly acidic domain is covalently fused to the cytochrome c(1) subunit.

Benzodiazepine use among rural prescription opioids users in a community-based study.

Objectives: : The purpose of this study was to examine both medical and nonmedical use of benzodiazepines among a community-based cohort of prescription opioid users.

Methods: : A total of 221 prescription opioid users from 2 rural Appalachian counties were recruited to participate in an interviewer-administered survey assessing sociodemographic characteristics, medical (source was valid prescription) and nonmedical (source other than prescription, such as dealer, friend, or family member) prescription drug use, illicit substance use, psychiatric disorders, and pain.

Results: : Almost all of the participants (92.

Mate choice opportunity leads to shorter offspring development time in a desert insect.

We describe indirect genetic benefits of mate choice in two allopatric populations of cactophilic Drosophila mojavensis. By manipulating mate choice opportunity, we show that greater mate choice among sexually mature adults leads to shorter offspring egg-to-adult development times; the extent of this reduction was influenced by population origin and by host plant environment. We performed multiple-choice mating trials with individually marked flies to investigate whether differential male mating success was a consequence of female choice, male interaction, or both.

Relationship influence and health risk behavior among re-entering women offenders.

Background: Studies have shown that relationships can influence health risk behaviors such as drug use among women offenders. This study takes an exploratory look at the positive and negative influences of parents, peers, and partners for women prisoners to better understand their health risk behavior for HIV, including risky sex and drug use.

Methods: The current study includes secondary analysis of cross-sectional data from women offenders enrolled in three protocols of the National Institute on Drug Abuse-funded Criminal Justice Drug Abuse Treatment Studies cooperative agreement.

Injection risk behaviors among rural drug users: implications for HIV prevention.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine injection drug use (IDU) among a cohort of felony probationers from rural Appalachian Kentucky.

Methods: An interviewer-administered questionnaire given to 800 rural felony probationers ascertained data regarding demographics, drug use, criminal behavior, psychological distress, and HIV-risk behaviors.

Results: The sample was primarily white (95.

Examining gender differences in substance use and age of first use among rural Appalachian drug users in Kentucky.

Background: Previous research suggests gender differences exist in types of substances used and age of first use. Recent studies exploring contextual differences in substance use between rural Appalachian and urban environments show different patterns of substance use in rural environments.

Objective: This study explores whether previously established differences in gender and age of first use exist within a rural Appalachian environment.

Individual and network factors associated with non-fatal overdose among rural Appalachian drug users.

Background: Fatal overdoses involving prescription opioids have increased significantly in recent years in the United States--especially in rural areas. However, there are scant data about non-fatal overdose among rural drug users. The purpose of this study is to examine the prevalence and correlates of non-fatal overdose and witnessed overdose among rural Appalachian drug users.

Nonmedical prescription drug use in a nationally representative sample of adolescents: evidence of greater use among rural adolescents.

Objectives: To compare the prevalence of nonmedical prescription drug use among adolescents residing in urban, suburban, and rural areas of the United States and to determine factors independently associated with rural nonmedical prescription drug use among adolescents aged 12 to 17 years.

Design: Cross-sectional, population-based survey.

Setting: Noninstitutionalized residents in the United States.

Examining differences in substance use among rural and urban pregnant women.

Substance use during pregnancy is a major public health concern. This study examined differences in substance use among pregnant women from rural and urban areas. Participants were 114 pregnant women entering a hospital-based inpatient detoxification unit primarily for Opiate Dependence who voluntarily agreed to a face-to-face interview.

Route of administration for illicit prescription opioids: a comparison of rural and urban drug users.

Background: Nonmedical prescription opioid use has emerged as a major public health concern in recent years, particularly in rural Appalachia. Little is known about the routes of administration (ROA) involved in nonmedical prescription opioid use among rural and urban drug users. The purpose of this study was to describe rural-urban differences in ROA for nonmedical prescription opioid use.