[All physicians--not only physicians in charge need leadership training].

Management education programmes for physicians range from university courses to courses offered by private companies. Some hospitals and regions arrange local management education for physicians in specialist training and certified specialists, but mostly for staff in executive positions. Only 245 places are available on the one-week courses for physicians in specialist training during the whole of year 2000 in Sweden; 637 applications were received for the spring courses only.

[Big differences in leadership and management training within health care services. Leadership and issues concerning cooperation should be more emphasized in basic medical education].

A recent survey of medical management programmes at universities across the country showed manifest national differences to exist, both quantitative and qualitative. Using a questionnaire, the Swedish Society of Medical Management examined the programmes for physiotherapists, occupational therapists, social workers, nurses and physicians, with respect to such issues as leadership, self-awareness and communication, health economics, and administration. It was concluded that knowledge acquired differs between fields; that physiotherapy programmes tend to have a very didactic approach; that nurses are taught the importance of participation in developmental processes; that doctors are exposed to somewhat the same approach but to a large extent on a voluntary basis; and that social workers obtain good insight into the administrative skills necessary to their work.