Proximity of percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation needle insertion to surrounding anatomic structures: a cadaveric study.

Background: Percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation is a third-line treatment for overactive bladder and urgency urinary incontinence. During the procedure, a needle is inserted cephalad to the medial malleolus and posterior to the tibia. In recent years, permanent implants and leads have been developed for insertion into the medial ankle via a small incision.

Patient Understanding of Chemotherapy and Goals of Care as Provided by Different Care Team Members.

Chemotherapy can be challenging and overwhelming for patients, but when patients are knowledgeable about chemotherapy, their comfort level, overall satisfaction, and coping improve. It is currently unknown whether patients prefer information about chemotherapy to be provided by specific care team members and whether demographic characteristics affect learning preferences. We developed a 31-question questionnaire that asked patients when chemotherapy information was discussed and who they wanted that information to come from.

Astroblastomas exhibit radial glia stem cell lineages and differential expression of imprinted and X-inactivation escape genes.

Astroblastomas (ABs) are rare brain tumors of unknown origin. We performed an integrative genetic and epigenetic analysis of AB-like tumors. Here, we show that tumors traceable to neural stem/progenitor cells (radial glia) that emerge during early to later brain development occur in children and young adults, respectively.

Trends in the Management Paradigms of Intracranial Meningioma.

 Intracranial meningiomas are the most common primary brain tumor. Treatment paradigms have evolved over time. There are limited number of population-based studies that examine this modern evolution.

Intraoperative Mass Spectrometry Platform for IDH Mutation Status Prediction, Glioma Diagnosis, and Estimation of Tumor Cell Infiltration.

Background: Surgical tumor resection is the primary treatment option for diffuse glioma, the most common malignant brain cancer. The intraoperative diagnosis of gliomas from tumor core samples can be improved by use of molecular diagnostics. Further, residual tumor at surgical margins is a primary cause of tumor recurrence and malignant progression.

Future perspectives and challenges with CDK4/6 inhibitors in hormone receptor-positive metastatic breast cancer.

There are three US FDA-approved CDK4/6 inhibitors: palbociclib, ribociclib and abemaciclib for patients with HR-positive, HER2-negative (HR+/HER2-) metastatic breast cancer (MBC). They are all equally effective, so the question becomes how to choose among these agents and how to sequence them. Other areas with active investigation include identifying predictive biomarkers for the selection of patients whom may benefit more from CDK4/6 inhibitors, deciding whether to continue CDK4/6 inhibitors after disease progression on CDK4/6 inhibitors, creating novel treatment combinations and expanding use beyond HR+/HER2- MBC.

Zika virus infects pericytes in the choroid plexus and enters the central nervous system through the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier.

Zika virus (ZIKV) can infect and cause microcephaly and Zika-associated neurological complications in the developing fetal and adult brains. In terms of pathogenesis, a critical question is how ZIKV overcomes the barriers separating the brain from the circulation and gains access to the central nervous system (CNS). Despite the importance of ZIKV pathogenesis, the route ZIKV utilizes to cross CNS barriers remains unclear.

Ectopic sympathetic ganglia cells of the ventral root of the spinal cord: an anatomical study.

The sympathetic trunk ganglia contain the cell bodies of neurons. However, some patients who undergo sympathectomy can develop compensatory hyperhidrosis. To evaluate for ectopic pathways, the present anatomical study was performed.

Recent advances and optimal management of human epidermal growth factor receptor-2-positive early-stage breast cancer.

With the introduction of anthracycline-based regimens, 5-year survival rates have significantly improved in patients with early-stage breast cancer. With the addition of trastuzumab, a monoclonal antibody targeting the human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2), improvements in overall survival have been observed among patients with advanced HER2-positive disease. Subsequently, lapatinib, an orally bioavailable small molecule dual HER2- and EGFR/HER1-specific tyrosine kinase inhibitor, received Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval in combination with capecitabine for patients with advanced HER2+ breast cancer.

The microRNA-200 family acts as an oncogene in colorectal cancer by inhibiting the tumor suppressor RASSF2.

This study aimed to determine whether manipulation of the microRNA-200 (miR-200) family could influence colon adenocarcinoma cell behavior. The miR-200 family has a significant role in tumor suppression and functions as an oncogene. studies on gain and loss of function with small interfering RNA demonstrated that the miR-200 family could regulate RASSF2 expression.

Data Sets for the Reporting of Tumors of the Central Nervous System: Recommendations From The International Collaboration on Cancer Reporting.

Context.—: Standards for pathology reporting of cancer are foundational to national and international benchmarking, epidemiology, and clinical trials, with international standards for pathology reporting of cancer being undertaken through the International Collaboration on Cancer Reporting (ICCR).

Objective.

Management trends for anaplastic meningioma with adjuvant radiotherapy and predictors of long-term survival.

OBJECTIVEThe purpose of this study was to describe effects of adjuvant radiotherapy (RT) for anaplastic meningiomas (AMs) on long-term survival, and to analyze patient and RT characteristics associated with long-term survival.METHODSThe authors queried a retrospective cohort of patients with AM from the National Cancer Database (NCDB) diagnosed between 2004 and 2015 to describe treatment trends. For outcome analysis, patients with at least 10 years of follow-up were included, and they were stratified based on adjuvant RT status and propensity matched to controls for covariates.

Genomic analysis demonstrates that histologically-defined astroblastomas are molecularly heterogeneous and that tumors with MN1 rearrangement exhibit the most favorable prognosis.

Astroblastoma (AB) is a rare CNS tumor demonstrating abundant astroblastomatous pseudorosettes. Its molecular features have not been comprehensively studied and its status as a tumor entity is controversial. We analyzed a cohort of 27 histologically-defined ABs using DNA methylation profiling, copy number analysis, FISH and site-directed sequencing.

Endoscopic Endonasal Surgery for the Resection of a Cavernous Hemangioma with a Sellar Extension.

Cavernous hemangiomas with an intrasellar extension are very rare, generally benign lesions that manifest by the compression of nearby structures. The presenting symptoms usually range from visual disturbances to an endocrine imbalance. Occasional extension into the cavernous sinus has been reported, which can cause cranial nerve compression.

Intraoperative assessment of isocitrate dehydrogenase mutation status in human gliomas using desorption electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry.

Objective: The authors describe a rapid intraoperative ambient ionization mass spectrometry (MS) method for determining isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutation status from glioma tissue biopsies. This method offers new glioma management options and may impact extent of resection goals. Assessment of the IDH mutation is key for accurate glioma diagnosis, particularly for differentiating diffuse glioma from other neoplastic and reactive inflammatory conditions, a challenge for the standard intraoperative diagnostic consultation that relies solely on morphology.

Determining IDH-Mutational Status in Gliomas Using IDH1-R132H Antibody and Polymerase Chain Reaction.

Determination of the isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutation status, presence or absence of mutation in IDH genes (IDH1 or IDH2), has become one of the most important molecular features taken into account in the management of patients with diffuse gliomas. Tumors that are IDH-mutant have a better prognosis than their counterparts with similar histologic grade and IDH-wildtype phenotype. IDH1-R132H is the most common IDH mutation, present in ~90% of IDH-mutant cases.

An elderly patient presenting with a primary spinal multifocal intradural extramedullary pilocytic astrocytoma: a case report and review of the literature.

Background: Pilocytic astrocytoma is a low-grade central nervous system tumor most commonly seen in children. Dissemination from a primary intracranial tumor along the neuroaxis has been described at both presentation and disease progression. However, the development of an intradural extramedullary pilocytic astrocytoma independent of a primary intraparenchymal tumor in an adult patient with no history of pilocytic astrocytoma has rarely been reported.