Memory Effects' Mechanism in the Intercalation Batteries: The Particles' Bipolarization.

To develop energy-storage devices, understanding their charge-discharge behaviors and their underlying mechanisms is mandatory. Memory effect (ME) is among the most important behaviors that should be understood, influencing the batteries' applications. In this paper, the intercalation batteries' ME and their features are justified and explained by employing the particles' bipolarization mechanism.

A theoretical approach to evaluate and understand the electrical properties of the electrode materials of batteries.

A novel evaluation approach for evaluating the electrical properties of electrode materials for batteries (and the other similar electrochemical systems) is proposed, assuming the reacted-unreacted structure interface acts as a semiconductor junction. Density of state (DOS) diagrams, calculated by different methods of density functional theory (DFT), for practically important case studies are used to explain the approach. The approach allocates a value for each assessed electrode material, providing a semi-quantitative criterion of the rate-capability to allow comparisons between materials.

Insight into the charge/discharge behaviour of intercalation cathode materials: relation between delivered capacity and applied rate and analysis of multi-particle intercalation mechanisms.

Exploration of the relationships and mechanisms underlying the charge/discharge behaviors of intercalation cathode materials for lithium batteries is mandatory to develop more efficient energy storage devices. Thus, herein, by combining theoretical concepts and experimental evidence, we establish/reestablish a relation/model to justify the charge-discharge behavior of many electrode materials for lithium and sodium ion batteries under a wide range of conditions. Our approach resembles a phase-field model and is correlated with the existence of diffusion regions inside the electrode particles.