Dietary reference intake for military operations: a scoping review.

Background: Reports that collect and organize dietary reference intake (DRI) data for military operations in different countries and regions worldwide are limited.This scoping review aimed to collect and organize information on the status of formulating a DRI for military operations in each country.

Methodology: For the information search, we queried PubMed and Google for literature and reports on the DRI for military operations and summarized the content of the adopted literature and reports.

Greater energy surplus promotes body protein accretion in healthy young men: A randomized clinical trial.

Background & Aims: Caloric overfeeding combined with adequate protein intake increases not only body fat mass but also fat-free mass. However, it remains unclear whether the increase in fat-free mass due to overfeeding is associated with an increase in total body protein mass. We evaluated the hypothesis that overfeeding would promote an increase in total body protein mass.

Vitamin D and muscle health: insights from recent studies.

Purpose Of Review: The purpose of this review is to critically evaluate the effects of vitamin D on muscle mass and physical/muscle function in middle-aged and older adults, based on recent human studies, including cross-sectional, observational, and intervention studies. Vitamin D, beyond its well established role in bone health, has shown potential in influencing muscle physiology, making it a nutrient of interest in the context of sarcopenia and related chronic conditions.

Recent Findings: The review states how vitamin D affects muscle function, emphasizing its role in muscle cell proliferation, differentiation, and key signaling pathways.

TB-related technical enquiries received at the Research Institute of Tuberculosis, Japan, during COVID-19.

Setting: Japan: a low-TB-burden country.

Objective: To characterise TB-related technical enquiries received in 2020-2022, and share the lessons learnt.

Design: This was a descriptive study.

Factors associated with water consumption measured using the stable isotope techniques among Japanese adults: a cross-sectional study.

Background/objectives: While some dietary guidelines have established daily water requirements for adults, those for older adults are not well defined. Factors associated with water turnover (WT), indicating water requirements and preformed water (PW), referring to fluids consumed from food and beverages, remain poorly understood. Therefore, we aimed to investigate these factors in Japanese adults.

Dietary macronutrient composition and its effect on 24-h substrate oxidation: A study of diurnal variations in carbohydrate and fat intake.

Background & Aims: In recent times, the complexity of food styles and meal content has increased, leading to significant variations in macronutrient composition between meals. This phenomenon has coincided with a rise in obesity rates. We aimed to determine whether a large variation in macronutrient composition between meals results in reduced fat oxidation.

Effects of energy loads on energy and nutrient absorption rates and gut microbiome in humans: A randomized crossover trial.

Objective: This study aimed to determine the effects of different energy loads on the gut microbiota composition and the rates of energy and nutrient excretion via feces and urine.

Methods: A randomized crossover dietary intervention study was conducted with three dietary conditions: overfeeding (OF), control (CON), and underfeeding (UF). Ten healthy men were subjected to each condition for 8 days (4 days and 3 nights in nonlaboratory and laboratory settings each).

Evaluation of protein requirements using the indicator amino acid oxidation method: a scoping review.

Background: The indicator amino acid oxidation (IAAO) method has been accepted as an approach to evaluate habitual protein requirements under free-living conditions.

Objectives: This scoping review reports on literature that evaluated protein requirements in humans using the IAAO methods.

Methods: Three databases (PubMed/Medline, Web of Science, and ProQuest) were systematically searched to identify studies that evaluated protein requirements using the IAAO method published in English until 5 June, 2023.

Effects of sleep restriction on food intake and appetite under free-living conditions: A randomized crossover trial.

To investigate changes in subjective psychological factors and dietary intake during sleep restriction, we carried out a randomized crossover trial with a 3-day sleep restriction condition (SR; 5 h of sleep) and control sleep condition (CS; 8 h of sleep). Days 3 and 4 involved free-living and laboratory (in the morning) conditions, respectively. Subjective psychological factors (hunger, appetite, desire for sweets and fatty foods, sleepiness, and fatigue) were assessed using a 0.

Delayed Eating Schedule Raises Mean Glucose Levels in Young Adult Males: a Randomized Controlled Cross-Over Trial.

Background: Misalignment of meals to the biological clock may cause adverse effects on glucose metabolism. However, the effects of repeated different eating schedules (early compared with late) on glucose concentration throughout the day are poorly understood.

Objectives: We examined the effects of different eating schedules on the 24-h glucose response using a continuous glucose monitor (CGM).

Relationship between intra-individual variability in nutrition-related lifestyle behaviors and blood glucose outcomes under free-living conditions in adults without type 2 diabetes.

Aims: This study determined the relationship between intra-individual variability in day-to-day nutrition-related lifestyle behaviors (meal timing, eating window, food intake, movement behaviors, sleep conditions, and body weight) and glycemic outcomes under free-living conditions in adults without type 2 diabetes.

Methods: We analyzed 104 adults without type 2 diabetes. During the 7-day measurement period, dietary intake, movement behaviors, sleep conditions, and glucose outcomes were assessed.

Long-term Effects of the Use of a Step Count-Specific Smartphone App on Physical Activity and Weight Loss: Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial.

Background: Some studies on weight loss promotion using smartphone apps have shown a weight loss effect but not an increase in physical activity. However, the long-term effects of smartphone apps on weight loss and increasing physical activity have not been rigorously examined to date.

Objective: The aim of this study was to assess whether the use of a smartphone app will increase physical activity and reduce body weight.

Association between skeletal muscle mass or percent body fat and metabolic syndrome development in Japanese women: A 7-year prospective study.

Previous cross-sectional studies have indicated that low relative appendicular lean mass (ALM) against body weight (divided by body weight, ALM/Wt, or divided by body mass index, ALM/BMI) was negatively associated with metabolic syndrome (MetS). Conversely, previous cross-sectional studies have indicated that the absolute ALM or ALM divided by squared height (ALM/Ht2) were positively associated with MetS. The aim of this longitudinal study was to investigate the association between low absolute or relative skeletal muscle mass, leg muscle power, or percent body fat and the development of MetS in Japanese women in a 7-y prospective study.

Results from the Japan 2022 report card on physical activity for children and youth.

Unlabelled: Background/Objective: The 2020 Tokyo Olympics and Paralympic was held in 2021, although postponed due to the spread of COVID-19. This event might have an impact on physical activity (PA) of children and adolescents, but the national data on PA during the pandemic were not available. Therefore, the goal of the 2022 Japan Report Card on Physical Activity for Children and Youth (The 2022 Japan Report Card) is to assess and track levels of health behaviors related to PA, and health outcomes in Japanese children and adolescents, and environments and government strategy for PA just before the pandemic.

Association of the interaction between physical activity and sitting time with mortality in older Japanese adults.

Purpose: To examine how physical activity (PA) and sitting time (ST) are associated with mortality in older Japanese adults.

Methodology: We used the data of 10 233 older Japanese adults aged ≥65 years who provided valid responses to the International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form (IPAQ-SF) by a mail survey. Both PA and ST were assessed using the IPAQ-SF.

Determination of Optimal Daily Magnesium Intake among Physically Active People: A Scoping Review.

Little is known about the optimal daily magnesium (Mg) intake for individuals with high levels of physical activity. The aim of this study was to clarify the optimal dietary Mg intake for people with high levels of physical activity in a scoping review. In this review, we searched MEDLINE and Japan Medical Abstracts Society for studies published up to May 31, 2020.

Olfaction, ability to identify particular olfactory clusters and odors, and physical performance in community-dwelling older adults: The Yanai Study.

Background: Olfactory dysfunction is associated with poor physical performance in older adults. However, it remains unknown whether the ability to identify particular olfactory clusters and/or odors is associated with physical performance in physically independent community-dwelling older adults.

Methods: This cross-sectional study included 130 community-dwelling older adults (70.

An Earlier First Meal Timing Associates with Weight Loss Effectiveness in A 12-Week Weight Loss Support Program.

Recent studies have reported that meal timing may play an important role in weight regulation, however it is unknown whether the timing of meals is related to the amount of weight loss. This study aimed to examine the relationship between indices of meal timing and weight loss during weight loss intervention in adults. A 12-week weight loss support program was conducted for 97 adults (age: 47.

The Association between Milk Intake and Nutrient Intake Adequacy among Japanese Female Junior High School Students: A Cross-Sectional Study.

The consumption of dairy products, including milk, may be important for improving the overall quality of a diet. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between milk intake and nutritional adequacy among Japanese female junior high school students. The participants of this study were Japanese female junior high school students aged between 12 and 15 years.

Eating Dinner Early Improves 24-h Blood Glucose Levels and Boosts Lipid Metabolism after Breakfast the Next Day: A Randomized Cross-Over Trial.

To examine whether mild early time-restricted eating (eating dinner at 18:00 vs. at 21:00) improves 24-h blood glucose levels and postprandial lipid metabolism in healthy adults. Twelve participants (2 males and 10 females) were included in the study.

Impact of walking aids on estimating physical activity using a tri-axial accelerometer in frail older adults.

Objectives: This study aimed to compare the estimation error of physical activity level (PAL) estimated using a tri-axial accelerometer between an independent walking group and an assisted walking group with walking aids.

Methods: Subjects were 6 older adults who could walk independently and 10 older adults requiring walking assistance during gait. Total energy expenditure (TEE) was measured using the doubly labelled water (DLW) method over 2 weeks and PAL was calculated as the measured TEE divided by the basal metabolic rate measured using indirect calorimetry (PAL).

Association between the inability to identify particular odors and physical performance, cognitive function, and/or brain atrophy in community-dwelling older adults from the Fukuoka Island City study.

Background: Olfactory dysfunction is associated with severe brain atrophy and cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease. However, it remains unknown whether an inability to identify particular odors is associated with physical performance, cognitive function, and/or brain atrophy in community-dwelling older adults.

Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 44 community-dwelling older adults were included (14 males, 30 females; mean age: 72.

The effects of breaking sedentary time with different intensity exercise bouts on energy metabolism: A randomized cross-over controlled trial.

Background And Aims: Breaking up sedentary periods, particularly with light activity, increases total energy expenditure (EE), and helps provide better glycemic control. However, the effects of activities of various intensities to interrupt prolonged sedentary time are unclear. The purpose of the present study was to examine potential differences in glycemic control and EE from breaking up sedentary time with short exercise bouts of different intensities.

Compliance with a physical activity guideline among junior high school students.

Background: There were no nationwide moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity (MVPA) data relating to Japanese adolescents. This study assessed compliance with an MVPA guideline by adolescents, using a random sampling survey in Japan. The factors associated with compliance with the guideline were also examined.