A review of chitosan polysaccharides: Neuropharmacological implications and tissue regeneration.

One of the current challenges in targeting neurological disorders is that many therapeutic molecules cannot cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which limits the use of natural molecules in nervous tissue regeneration. Thus, the development of new drugs to effectively treat neurological disorders would be a challenge. Natural resources are well known as a source of several therapeutic agents for the treatment of neurologic disorders.

Exploring the potential of chitosan from royal shrimp waste for elaboration of chitosan/bioglass biocomposite: Characterization and "in vitro" bioactivity.

Exploiting royal shrimp waste to produce value-added biocomposites offers environmental and therapeutic benefits. This study proposes biocomposites based on chitosan and bioglass, using shrimp waste as the chitosan source. Chitin extraction and chitosan preparation were characterized using various analytical techniques.

In vivo evaluation by oral administration of chitosan combined with bioactive glass against cadmium-induced toxicity in rats.

Bioactive glass and chitosan are biomaterials widely used for orthopedic applications, notably as bone grafts. Although these biomaterials show promising therapeutic properties, no research has yet examined their potential for oral administration in soft tissue protection, particularly against metal toxicity. The aim of our study was to evaluate the potential of chitosan from cuttlefish (CHS) bone combined with bioactive glass (BG) against Cadmium-induced toxicity in rats.

Exploring the potential of chitosan/aragonite biocomposite derived from cuttlebone waste: Elaboration, physicochemical properties and in vitro bioactivity.

Cuttlefish bone biowaste is a potential source of a composite matrix based on chitin and aragonite. In the present work, we propose for the first time the elaboration of biocomposites based on chitosan and aragonite through the valorization of bone waste. The composition of the ventral and dorsal surfaces of bone is well studied by ICP-OES.

Investigation on Akis granulifera (Coleoptera, Sahlberg, 1823) as a potential source of chitin and chitosan: Extraction, characterization and hydrogel formation.

The majority of studies have focused on the industrial exploitation of marine fisheries waste through the production of natural bioactive bioploymeres such as chitin and chitosan. However, in recent years, beetles are increasingly attracting the interest of scientists as a source of chitin and chitosan for the preparation of hydrogels for sustainable engineering development. In the present work, we focus on the study for the first time a new Moroccan species of beetle (Akis granulifera Sahlberg, 1823), for the extraction of chitin and the elaboration of chitosan.

High Boron Content Enhances Bioactive Glass Biodegradation.

Derived Hench bioactive glass (BaG) containing boron (B) is explored in this work as it plays an important role in bone development and regeneration. B was also found to enhance BaG dissociation. However, it is only possible to incorporate a limited amount of B.

Design of antibacterial apatitic composite cement loaded with Ciprofloxacin: Investigations on the physicochemical Properties, release Kinetics, and antibacterial activity.

This work aims to develop an injectable and antibacterial composite cement for bone substitution and prevention/treatment of bone infections. This cement is composed of calcium phosphate, calcium carbonate, bioactive glass, sodium alginate, and ciprofloxacin. The effect of ciprofloxacin on the microstructure, chemical composition, setting properties, cohesion, injectability, and compressive strength was investigated.

The evolution of the global COVID-19 epidemic in Morocco and understanding the different therapeutic approaches of chitosan in the control of the pandemic.

In 2020, Coronavirus disease (COVID-19), a new viral respiratory disease caused by a virus that belongs to family, has been identified. It is a very severe flu that negatively affects the functions of the lung and other respiratory organs. COVID-19 virus can be transmitted between people either by touching an infected person or by direct contact with their respiratory droplets.

Bioactive glass doped with noble metal nanoparticles for bone regeneration: kinetics and proliferative impact on human bone cell line.

This work investigates the bioactivity of novel silver-doped (BG-Ag) and gold-doped (BG-Au) quaternary 46S6 bioactive glasses synthesized a semi-solid-state technique. A pseudo-second-order kinetic model successfully predicted the uptake kinetic profiles of the initial ion-exchange release of Ca in simulated body fluid, the subsequent Si release, and finally, the adsorption of Ca and P onto the bioactive glasses. Doping with silver nanoparticles enhanced the rate of P uptake by up to approximately 90%; whereas doping with gold nanoparticles improved Ca and P uptake rates by up to about 7 and 2 times, respectively; as well as Ca uptake capacity by up to about 19%.

Formulation and characterization of hydroxyapatite-based composite with enhanced compressive strength and controlled antibiotic release.

A composite based on hydroxyapatite (HA) and chitosan (CS) combined with ciprofloxacin (CIP) was formulated by the solid-liquid mixing method. The optimization of the solid to the liquid ratio and the use of chitosan in a small amount (≤5 wt%) promoted the preparation of stable and rigid monoliths. A synergistic effect of CS and CIP contents on the compressive strength of the CIP-loaded composite was evidenced.

Development of hybrid scaffold: Bioactive glass nanoparticles/chitosan for tissue engineering applications.

Bone tissue engineering is gaining popularity as an alternative method for the treatment of osseous defects. A number of biodegradable polymers have been explored for tissue engineering purposes. A new family of biodegradable polymer/bioactive glass composite materials has been designed to be used in bone regeneration approaches.

Sub-chronic exposure to Kalach 360 SL, Glyphosate-based Herbicide, induced bone rarefaction in female Wistar rats.

We investigated the effects of Kalach 360 SL (KL), Glyphosate (G)-based herbicide, on bone tissue in different groups of female Wistar rats. Group 1 (n = 6) received a standard diet and served as a control, groups 2 and 3 (n = 6 each) received 0.07 ml (D1: 126 mg/Kg) and 0.

Antioxidative/oxidative effects and retarding osteoconductivity of ciprofloxacin-loaded porous polyvinyl alcohol/bioactive glass hybrid.

This study investigated the effect of bioglass (melting)-polyvinyl alcohol (BG (M)-PVA) and bioglass (melting)-polyvinyl alcohol-20 %ciprofloxacin (BG(M)-PVA-20Cip) in improving antioxidant activity and regenerating bone capacity. These composites were implanted in femoral condyles of ovariectomized Wistar rats and compared to that of controls groups. After the different period of implantation (15, 30, 60 and 90 days), the treatment of ovariectomized rats with BG(M)-PVA-20Cip showed a significantly higher malondialdehyde concentration when compared to that of BG(M)-PVA group.

Prospect of Stem Cells in Bone Tissue Engineering: A Review.

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been the subject of many studies in recent years, ranging from basic science that looks into MSCs properties to studies that aim for developing bioengineered tissues and organs. Adult bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) have been the focus of most studies due to the inherent potential of these cells to differentiate into various cell types. Although, the discovery of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) represents a paradigm shift in our understanding of cellular differentiation.

Accelerated bone ingrowth by local delivery of Zinc from bioactive glass: oxidative stress status, mechanical property, and microarchitectural characterization in an ovariectomized rat model.

Background: Synthetic bone graft substitutes such as bioactive glass (BG) material are developed in order to achieve successful bone regeneration. Zn plays an important role in the proper bone growth, development, and maintenance of healthy bones.

Aims: This study aims to evaluate in vivo the performance therapy of zinc-doped bioactive glass (BG-Zn) and its applications in biomedicine.

A quantitative approach for studying the bioactivity of nanohydroxyapatite/gold composites.

This work describes a quantitative kinetic approach to assess the in vitro bioactivity of gold-doped hydroxyapatite-polyvinyl alcohol nanocomposites. The surface morphology of the in situ prepared nanocomposites as characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed a rod-like shape. Differential thermal analysis-thermogravimetric (DTA-TG), and fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) as well as zeta potential measurements of the prepared nanocomposites were carried out.

Substitution effects of a carbonated hydroxyapatite biomaterial against intoxication chloride nickel-exposed rats.

Aims: This study aimed to investigate the potential effects of a synthetic apatite (carbonated hydroxyapatite) on the detoxification of a group of male "Wistar" rats exposed to nickel chloride.

Methods: Toxicity was evaluated by rats' bioassay of nickel chloride. Wistar rats received this metal daily by gavage for seven days (4 mg/ml nickel chloride/200 g body weight, BW).

Cytocompatibility, gene-expression profiling, apoptotic, mechanical and (29)Si, (31)P solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance studies following treatment with a bioglass-chitosan composite.

The performance therapy of chitosan (CH)-doped bioactive glass (BG) has been evaluated in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, the effect of CH-BG was assessed on human Saos-2 osteoblast cells. In vivo, Wistar rats were ovariectomized (OVX) and CH, BG and CH-BG were implanted in bone tissue.

Genotoxicity effect, antioxidant and biomechanical correlation: experimental study of agarose-chitosan bone graft substitute in New Zealand white rabbit model.

Bone loss associated with skeletal trauma or metabolic diseases often requires bone grafting. In such situations, a biomaterial is necessary for migrated cells to produce new tissue. In this study, agarose-chitosan was implanted in the femoral condyle of New Zealand White rabbits that were divided into three groups: Group I was used as control; Groups II and III were used as implanted tissue with agarose-chitosan and presenting empty defects, respectively.

Kinetic evaluation study on the bioactivity of silver doped hydroxyapatite-polyvinyl alcohol nanocomposites.

This work investigates the effect of adding silver nanoparticles (NPs) in ppm on the bioactivity of hydroxyapatite/polyvinyl alcohol nanocomposites (HAV). HAV prepared by an in situ biomimetic approach was doped with different concentrations of silver NPs (HAV-Ag), and the formed powder samples were characterized by different techniques such as Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-EOS), X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscope, and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. Bioactivity was evaluated in simulated body fluid through studying the kinetics of Ca and P uptake onto the different HAV-Ag nanocomposites.

The impact of orthopedic device associated with carbonated hydroxyapatite on the oxidative balance: experimental study of bone healing rabbit model.

Orthopedic devices are used in pathologic disorder as an adjunct to bone grafts to provide immediate structural stability. Unfortunately, the use of metallic devices has some complications. This study aimed to characterize the oxidative stress biomarker and the antioxidant enzyme profiles during bone regeneration.

Biologic response to carbonated hydroxyapatite associated with orthopedic device: experimental study in a rabbit model.

Background: Carbonated hydroxyapatite (CHA) and related calcium phosphates have been studied for many years as implant materials due to their similarity with the mineral phase of bone. The main limitation of CHA ceramics as well as other bioactive materials is that they have poor mechanical proprieties. It is thought that the mechanical device can cause an increase in metabolic activity and bone healing.

Effect of hydroxyapatite and beta-tricalcium phosphate nanoparticles on promonocytic U937 cells.

Objectives: Nanoparticles from implanted materials are reported as the main cause of implant failure. Monocytes are among the first cells to colonize the inflammatory site. We evaluated the biological effects of bone substitutes presented to U937 cells in vitro as micron- or nanometer-sized particles.

Development of a three-dimensional model for rapid evaluation of bone substitutes in vitro: effect of the 45S5 bioglass.

The evaluation of innovative bone substitutes requires the development of an optimal model close to physiological conditions. An interesting alternative is the use of an immortalized cell line to construct multicellular spheroids, that is, three-dimensional (3D) cultures. In this study, a modified hanging drops method has resulted in the generation of spheroids with a well-established human fetal osteoblasts line (hFOB 1.