The Effector Vag2 Promotes Head Smut Disease via Suppression of Plant Defense Responses.

Genome comparison between the maize pathogens and revealed a large diversity region (19-1) containing nearly 30 effector gene candidates, whose deletion severely hampers virulence of both fungi. Dissection of the gene cluster resulted in the identification of one major contributor to virulence, (; ). Quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) experiments revealed high expression of during biotrophic growth of .

Quantitative Hormone Signaling Output Analyses of Interactions With Virulent and Avirulent Isolates at Single-Cell Resolution.

The phytohormones salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), and ethylene (ET) are central regulators of biotic and abiotic stress responses in . Here, we generated modular fluorescent protein-based reporter lines termed COLORFUL-PR1pro, -VSP2pro, and -PDF1.2apro.

Live-cell RESOLFT nanoscopy of transgenic .

Subdiffraction super-resolution fluorescence microscopy, or nanoscopy, has seen remarkable developments in the last two decades. Yet, for the visualization of plant cells, nanoscopy is still rarely used. In this study, we established RESOLFT nanoscopy on living green plant tissue.

De novo indol-3-ylmethyl glucosinolate biosynthesis, and not long-distance transport, contributes to defence of Arabidopsis against powdery mildew.

Powdery mildew is a fungal disease that affects a wide range of plants and reduces crop yield worldwide. As obligate biotrophs, powdery mildew fungi manipulate living host cells to suppress defence responses and to obtain nutrients. Members of the plant order Brassicales produce indole glucosinolates that effectively protect them from attack by non-adapted fungi.

Screening of Secreted Proteins of f. sp. z for Cell Death Suppression in .

f. sp. (SRZ) is a biotrophic fungus causing head smut in maize.

Accumulation of amino acids and flavonoids in hairy root cultures of common buckwheat ().

Transformed hairy root culture in common buckwheat ( Moench Rubra cultivar) was investigated for accumulation of amino acids and specific flavonoids. Leaves and stems of were used a starting material for induction of hairy roots via the A4 strain. The transformed lines were confirmed by PCR detection of gene, and their capability to continuously form hairy roots.

Sporisorium reilianum possesses a pool of effector proteins that modulate virulence on maize.

The biotrophic maize head smut fungus Sporisorium reilianum is a close relative of the tumour-inducing maize smut fungus Ustilago maydis with a distinct disease aetiology. Maize infection with S. reilianum occurs at the seedling stage, but spores first form in inflorescences after a long endophytic growth phase.

Chitin-induced and CHITIN ELICITOR RECEPTOR KINASE1 (CERK1) phosphorylation-dependent endocytosis of Arabidopsis thaliana LYSIN MOTIF-CONTAINING RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASE5 (LYK5).

To detect potential pathogens, plants perceive the fungal polysaccharide chitin through receptor complexes containing lysin motif receptor-like kinases (LysM-RLKs). To investigate the ligand-induced spatial dynamics of chitin receptor components, we studied the subcellular behaviour of two Arabidopsis thaliana LysM-RLKs involved in chitin signalling, CHITIN ELICITOR RECEPTOR KINASE1 (CERK1) and LYSIN MOTIF-CONTAINING RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASE5. We performed standard and quantitative confocal laser scanning microscopy on stably transformed A.

COLORFUL-Circuit: A Platform for Rapid Multigene Assembly, Delivery, and Expression in Plants.

Advancing basic and applied plant research requires the continuous innovative development of the available technology toolbox. Essential components of this toolbox are methods that simplify the assembly, delivery, and expression of multiple transgenes of interest. To allow simultaneous and directional multigene assembly on the same plant transformation vector, several strategies based on overlapping sequences or restriction enzymes have recently been developed.

SUPPRESSOR OF APICAL DOMINANCE1 of Sporisorium reilianum Modulates Inflorescence Branching Architecture in Maize and Arabidopsis.

The biotrophic fungus Sporisorium reilianum causes head smut of maize (Zea mays) after systemic plant colonization. Symptoms include the formation of multiple female inflorescences at subapical nodes of the stalk because of loss of apical dominance. By deletion analysis of cluster 19-1, the largest genomic divergence cluster in S.

Sporisorium reilianum infection changes inflorescence and branching architectures of maize.

Sporisorium reilianum is a biotrophic maize (Zea mays) pathogen of increasing economic importance. Symptoms become obvious at flowering time, when the fungus causes spore formation and phyllody in the inflorescences. To understand how S.

Pathogenicity determinants in smut fungi revealed by genome comparison.

Biotrophic pathogens, such as the related maize pathogenic fungi Ustilago maydis and Sporisorium reilianum, establish an intimate relationship with their hosts by secreting protein effectors. Because secreted effectors interacting with plant proteins should rapidly evolve, we identified variable genomic regions by sequencing the genome of S. reilianum and comparing it with the U.