Transitioning to sustainable energy and enhanced environmental quality in Somalia through renewable energy, globalisation and trade openness.

A balanced approach that combines trade policies, renewable energy promotion, and robust environmental regulations is crucial for improving ecological sustainability. Although the literature suggests that trade openness facilitates the transfer of cleaner energy technologies to developing nations, existing empirical studies have produced inconclusive results, particularly in Somalia's context. Therefore, this study explores the dynamic relationships between renewable energy, trade openness, economic growth, globalisation, and environmental degradation using annual time-series data from 1990 to 2019.