The percentage of lepidic growth is an independent prognostic factor in invasive adenocarcinoma of the lung.

Background: The literature is inconclusive as to whether the percentage of the lepidic component of an invasive adenocarcinoma (AC) of the lung influences prognosis. We studied a population-based series of selected, resected invasive pulmonary ACs to determine if incremental increases in the lepidic component were an independent, prognostic variable.

Methods: Patients undergoing resection for lung cancer reported to the Cancer Registry of Norway and diagnosed in the period 1993-2002 with a bronchioloalveolar carcinoma (BAC) (old terminology) (adenocarcinoma in situ, AIS in the new terminology) in the lung were selected.

Diagnosis of lung cancer in small biopsies and cytology: implications of the 2011 International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer/American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society classification.

The new International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer/American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society lung adenocarcinoma classification provides, for the first time, standardized terminology for lung cancer diagnosis in small biopsies and cytology; this was not primarily addressed by previous World Health Organization classifications. Until recently there have been no therapeutic implications to further classification of NSCLC, so little attention has been given to the distinction of adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma in small tissue samples. This situation has changed dramatically in recent years with the discovery of several therapeutic options that are available only to patients with adenocarcinoma or NSCLC, not otherwise specified, rather than squamous cell carcinoma.

Diagnosis of lung adenocarcinoma in resected specimens: implications of the 2011 International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer/American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society classification.

A new lung adenocarcinoma classification has been published by the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer, the American Thoracic Society, and the European Respiratory Society. This new classification is needed to provide uniform terminology and diagnostic criteria, most especially for bronchioloalveolar carcinoma. It was developed by an international core panel of experts representing all 3 societies with oncologists/pulmonologists, pathologists, radiologists, molecular biologists, and thoracic surgeons.

Reproducibility of histopathological subtypes and invasion in pulmonary adenocarcinoma. An international interobserver study.

Histological subtyping of pulmonary adenocarcinoma has recently been updated based on predominant pattern, but data on reproducibility are required for validation. This study first assesses reproducibility in subtyping adenocarcinomas and then assesses further the distinction between invasive and non-invasive (wholly lepidic) pattern of adenocarcinoma, among an international group of pulmonary pathologists. Two ring studies were performed using a micro-photographic image-based method, evaluating selected images of lung adenocarcinoma histologic patterns.

Extrapulmonary small cell carcinoma: a clinicopathological study with identification of potential diagnostic mimics.

Aims: To evaluate the clinicopathological features of small cell carcinoma arising outside the lung.

Methods And Results: Thirty-seven cases with a pathology diagnosis of extrapulmonary small cell carcinoma (EPSCC) were selected. The clinical notes were reviewed and tumour blocks were selected for a fresh haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) section and immunohistochemical stains.

International association for the study of lung cancer/american thoracic society/european respiratory society international multidisciplinary classification of lung adenocarcinoma.

Introduction: Adenocarcinoma is the most common histologic type of lung cancer. To address advances in oncology, molecular biology, pathology, radiology, and surgery of lung adenocarcinoma, an international multidisciplinary classification was sponsored by the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer, American Thoracic Society, and European Respiratory Society. This new adenocarcinoma classification is needed to provide uniform terminology and diagnostic criteria, especially for bronchioloalveolar carcinoma (BAC), the overall approach to small nonresection cancer specimens, and for multidisciplinary strategic management of tissue for molecular and immunohistochemical studies.

Haemoptysis in pregnancy caused by a well-differentiated fetal adenocarcinoma: a case report.

Introduction: Haemoptysis in pregnancy is frequently assumed to be caused by a pulmonary embolism. However, it can also be an indicator of serious pathology.

Case Presentation: We report the case of a 27-year-old Caucasian woman who presented with haemoptysis in pregnancy that was discovered to be caused by a well-differentiated fetal adenocarcinoma of the lung.

Pathology of asbestosis- An update of the diagnostic criteria: Report of the asbestosis committee of the college of american pathologists and pulmonary pathology society.

Unlabelled: Asbestosis is defined as diffuse pulmonary fibrosis caused by the inhalation of excessive amounts of asbestos fibers. Pathologically, both pulmonary fibrosis of a particular pattern and evidence of excess asbestos in the lungs must be present. Clinically, the disease usually progresses slowly, with a typical latent period of more than 20 years from first exposure to onset of symptoms.

Survey of British pathologists' performance of mesothelioma post-mortems.

We analyzed the practice of mesothelioma post-mortems in the United Kingdom (UK). Between 2003 and 2004, a questionnaire was sent to all UK Consultant Histopathologists, and 12% were recruited. In general post-mortems, the Coroner approved 60% of requests for organ retention, and Pathologists failed to make such a request in 5.

Primary pulmonary osteosarcoma: a report of 4 cases and a review of the literature.

Primary pulmonary osteosarcoma is very rare. Most cases are secondary deposits from primaries arising in the appendicular skeleton. Four cases of primary osteogenic sarcoma of the lung are described and the literature reviewed for previously reported cases.

Atypical presentation of an unusual lung tumor.

We describe a case of a rare bronchial epithelial- myoepithelial carcinoma of the lung in a 36-year-old man. Tumor enucleation was carried out and the patient was put on long-term follow up. Tumor categorisation was difficult.

Bronchioloalveolar carcinoma and lung adenocarcinoma: the clinical importance and research relevance of the 2004 World Health Organization pathologic criteria.

Introduction: Advances in the pathology and computed tomography (CT) of lung adenocarcinoma and bronchioloalveolar carcinoma (BAC) have demonstrated important new prognostic features that have led to changes in classification and diagnostic criteria.

Methods: The literature and a set of cases were reviewed by a pathology/CT review panel of pathologists and radiologists who met during a November 2004 International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer/American Society of Clinical Oncology consensus workshop in New York. The group addressed the question of whether sufficient data exist to modify the 2004 World Health Organization (WHO) classification of adenocarcinoma and BAC to define a "minimally invasive" adenocarcinoma with BAC.

Sensitivity and specificity of immunohistochemical antibodies used to distinguish between benign and malignant pleural disease: a systematic review of published reports.

Aims: A systematic review of published reports that have evaluated the ability of immunohistochemistry and argyrophil nucleolar organizing region (AgNOR) staining to distinguish between benign and malignant pleural disease.

Methods: Nineteen relevant papers published during the period 1979-2005 were identified. Individual results of immunohistochemistry for five diagnostic antibodies were extracted to calculate diagnostic sensitivity and specificity.

Sensitivity and specificity of immunohistochemical markers used in the diagnosis of epithelioid mesothelioma: a detailed systematic analysis using published data.

Aims: Immunohistochemistry is frequently employed to aid the distinction between mesothelioma and pulmonary adenocarcinoma metastatic to the pleura, but there is uncertainty as to which antibodies are most useful. We analysed published data in order to establish sensitivity and specificity of antibodies used to distinguish between these tumours with a view to defining the most appropriate immunohistochemical panel to use when faced with this diagnostic problem.

Methods And Results: A systematic analysis of the results of 88 published papers comparing immunohistochemical staining of a panel of antibodies in mesothelioma with epithelioid areas, and pulmonary adenocarcinoma metastatic to the pleura.

Discrepancies between clinical and autopsy diagnosis and the value of post mortem histology; a meta-analysis and review.

The autopsy is in decline, despite the fact that accurate mortality statistics remain essential for public health and health service planning. The falling autopsy rate combined with the Coroners Review and Human Tissue Act have contributed to this decline, and to a falling use of autopsy histology, with potential impact on clinical audit and mortality statistics. At a time when the need for reform and improvement in the death certification process is so prominent, we felt it important to assess the value of the autopsy and autopsy histology.

Evolving concepts in the pathology and computed tomography imaging of lung adenocarcinoma and bronchioloalveolar carcinoma.

Purpose: To review recent advances in pathology and computed tomography (CT) of lung adenocarcinoma and bronchioloalveolar carcinoma (BAC).

Methods: A pathology/CT review panel of pathologists and radiologists met during a November 2004 International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer/American Society of Clinical Oncology consensus workshop in New York. The purpose was to determine if existing data was sufficient to propose modification of criteria for adenocarcinoma and BAC as newly published in the 2004 WHO Classification of Lung Tumors, and to address the pathologic/radiologic concept of diffuse/multicentric BAC.

The distribution of cardiac macrophages in myocardial ischaemia and cardiomyopathy.

Aims: Recent evidence has implicated the macrophage as an effector cell in the inflammatory processes in transplant rejection, as well as cardiac disease, including coronary atherosclerosis. Although the latter is a vascular disease, the entire myocardium is affected. We have previously demonstrated the presence and distribution of macrophages in the 'normal' human heart.

Neuroendocrine differentiation in non-small cell lung cancer and its relation to prognosis and therapy.

Aims: Histopathologists report the presence of neuroendocrine (NE) differentiation in non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) in up to a third of cases and are often questioned about its clinical relevance. The conclusions of previous studies have been inconsistent. This paper aims to provide an answer by examining a large series together with a comprehensive critique of the literature.

Angiogenic cytokines in patients with idiopathic interstitial pneumonia.

Background: Angiogenesis has been implicated in the pathogenesis of idiopathic interstitial pneumonia (IIP). The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between plasma concentrations of the angiogenic cytokines interleukin 8 (IL-8), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and endothelin-1 (ET-1) and clinical parameters of disease progression over a 6 month period to identify potential aetiological mediators and prognostic markers of disease activity in patients with IIP.

Methods: Forty nine patients with IIP (40 men) were recruited to the study.

Inter-observer variation between pathologists in diffuse parenchymal lung disease.

Background: There have been few inter-observer studies of diffuse parenchymal lung disease (DPLD), but the recent ATS/ERS consensus classification provides a basis for such a study.

Methods: A method for categorising numerically the percentage likelihood of these differential diagnoses was developed, and the diagnostic confidence of pathologists using this classification and the reproducibility of their diagnoses were assessed.

Results: The overall kappa coefficient of agreement for the first choice diagnosis was 0.

The P16/cyclin D1/Rb pathway in neuroendocrine tumors of the lung.

Rb protein in its hypophosphorylated form acts as a cell cycle regulator for G1 arrest. Both cyclin D1 overexpression and P16(INK4) loss of protein produce persistent hyperphosphorylation of Rb with resultant evasion of cell cycle arrest. To better establish the mechanisms of loss of Rb function in neuroendocrine lung tumors, we performed an immunohistochemical analysis of the P16(INK4)/cyclin D1/Rb pathway in the spectrum of neuroendocrine tumors, including 34 typical carcinoids (TCs), 25 atypical carcinoids (ACs), 42 large cell neuroendocrine carcinomas (LCNECs), and 79 small cell lung carcinomas (SCLCs).

Murine gammaherpes virus as a cofactor in the development of pulmonary fibrosis in bleomycin resistant mice.

Studies of human tissue have suggested an association between productive Epstein Barr virus and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). However, a pathogenic role for the virus has not been established. This study was undertaken to develop an animal model, which would explore the association between viral infection and pulmonary fibrosis.