Typhoid and paratyphoid fever epidemiological indicators and spatiotemporal analysis in China from 2004 to 2019.

Typhoid and paratyphoid fever are systemic infections caused by Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi. These diseases are endemic in many parts of China, occurring periodically throughout the year. Epidemiological features, temporal trends, and spatial distribution of these fevers were analyzed using GraphPad Prism 9 with data collected by China's Public Health Science Data Center from 2004 to 2019.

Distribution and developmental changes of IL-21 immunopositive cells in the bursa of Fabricius of Jinhu silky chicken.

Bursa of Fabricius (BOF) is a unique immune organ of birds. It is the place where lymphocytes develop, differentiate and mature. Young chicken BOF is susceptible to infection and damage, and even atrophy, causing immune suppression, and bringing huge economic losses to chicken production.

Morphological and Transcriptomic Analysis of the Supplemental Boron in the Liver of Ostrich Chicks.

African ostrich chicks (Struthio camelus) were divided into six groups, and each received different levels of boric acid (source of boron) in the drinking water (0, 40, 80, 160, 320, and 640 mg/L respectively) to examine the histological, apoptotic, biochemical, and transcriptomic parameters. Morphological analysis in different groups was assessed by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, periodic acid Schiff (PAS) staining, and terminal deoxynucleotide transferase dUTP Nick-End Labeling (TUNEL) assay. The biochemical profile was evaluated spectrophotometrically.

Resistant cutoff values and optimal scheme establishments for florfenicol against Escherichia coli with PK-PD modeling analysis in pigs.

Florfenicol, a structural analog of thiamphenicol, has broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. This study was conducted to investigate the epidemiological, pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic cutoff, and the optimal scheme of florfenicol against Escherichia coli (E. coli) with PK-PD integrated model in the target infectious tissue.

Corrigendum: Evaluation of Marbofloxacin in Beagle Dogs After Oral Dosing: Preclinical Safety Evaluation and Comparative Pharmacokinetics of Two Different Tablets.

[This corrects the article on p. 306 in vol. 9, PMID: 29692725.

Transcriptional Study Revealed That Boron Supplementation May Alter the Immune-Related Genes Through MAPK Signaling in Ostrich Chick Thymus.

The objective of this study is to construct a digital gene expression tag profile to identify genes potentially related to immune response in the ostrich. Exposure to boron leads to an immune response in the ostrich, although the underlying mechanism remains obscure. Thus, a dire need of biological resource in the form of transcriptomic data for ostriches arises to key out genes and to gain insights into the function of boron on the immune response of thymus.

Optimal Regimens and Cutoff Evaluation of Tildipirosin Against .

(PM) can invade the upper respiratory tract of the body and cause death and high morbidity. Tildipirosin, a new 16-membered-ring macrolide antimicrobial, has been recommended for the treatment of respiratory diseases. The objective of this research was to improve the dose regimes of tildipirosin to PM for reducing the macrolides resistance development with the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) modeling approach and to establish an alternate cutoff for tildipirosin against PM.

Comparative Pharmacokinetics and Preliminary Pharmacodynamics Evaluation of Piscidin 1 Against PRV and PEDV in Rats.

Antimicrobial peptide (Piscidin-1) is an effective natural polypeptide, which has great influence and potential on porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) and pseudorabies virus (PRV). As an alternative antibiotic substitute, Piscidin-1 was subjected for pharmacokinetics study with three administration routes (i.v, i.

Mequindox-Induced Kidney Toxicity Is Associated With Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis in the Mouse.

Mequindox (MEQ), belonging to quinoxaline-di--oxides (QdNOs), is a synthetic antimicrobial agent widely used in China. Previous studies found that the kidney was one of the main toxic target organs of the QdNOs. However, the mechanisms underlying the kidney toxicity caused by QdNOs still remains unclear.

Evaluation of Marbofloxacin in Beagle Dogs After Oral Dosing: Preclinical Safety Evaluation and Comparative Pharmacokinetics of Two Different Tablets.

The current study evaluates a tested marbofloxacin tablet (MBT) (Petsen), in terms of bioavailability and pharmacokinetics (PK) in a comparison of the commercialized and standard tablet (Marbocyl) in beagle dogs. Four different bacterial species were selected for the determination of the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) against marbofloxacin (MBF). Target animal safety studies were conducted with a wide spectrum of dosages of Petsen.

The Physiological Role of Boron on Health.

Boron is an essential mineral that plays an important role in several biological processes. Boron is required for growth of plants, animals, and humans. There are increasing evidences of this nutrient showing a variety of pleiotropic effects, ranging from anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects to the modulation of different body systems.

Boron Affects the Development of the Kidney Through Modulation of Apoptosis, Antioxidant Capacity, and Nrf2 Pathway in the African Ostrich Chicks.

The nuclear-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway is the most important mechanism in antioxidant capacity, which regulates the cell's redox homeostasis. In addition, Nrf2 pathway also can inhibit cell apoptosis. The mechanism of boron actions on various organs is well documented.

PK-PD Integration Modeling and Cutoff Value of Florfenicol against in Pigs.

The aims of the present study were to establish optimal doses and provide an alternate CO for florfenicol against based on pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic integration modeling. The recommended dose (30 mg/kg b.w.

PK-PD Analysis of Marbofloxacin against in Pigs.

Marbofloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic and highly effective treatment for respiratory diseases. Here we aimed to evaluate the activity of marbofloxacin against in pig serum, as well as the optimal dosages scheme for avoiding the fluoroquinolone resistance development. A single dose of 8 mg/kg body weight (bw) was administrated orally to healthy pigs and serum samples were collected during the next 72 h.

Effects of Boron Supplementation on Expression of Hsp70 in the Spleen of African Ostrich.

Increased synthesis of heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) occurs in prokaryotes and eukaryotes in response to physiological, environmental, and chemical exposures, thus allowing the cell survival from fatal conditions. Hsp70 cytoprotective properties may be clarified by its anti-apoptotic function. Boron has been reported to play an essential role in various organ developments and metabolisms.

Molecular cloning, expression and bioactivity of B cell activating factor (BAFF) in African ostrich.

B cell activating factor (BAFF), which belongs to the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family, is testified to play a critical role in B cell survival, proliferation, maturation and immunoglobulin secretion. In the present study, the cDNA of open reading frame (ORF) in African ostrich (Struthio camelus) BAFF (designated OsBAFF) was cloned by reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR). The OsBAFF gene encodes a 288-amino acid protein containing a predicted transmembrane domain and a putative furin protease cleavage site like BAFFs from chicken (cBAFF), quail (qBAFF), duck (dBAFF), goose (gBAFF) and dove (doBAFF).

Effect of Boric Acid Supplementation on the Expression of BDNF in African Ostrich Chick Brain.

The degree of brain development can be expressed by the levels of brain brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). BDNF plays an irreplaceable role in the process of neuronal development, protection, and restoration. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of boric acid supplementation in water on the ostrich chick neuronal development.

Increased Thymic Cell Turnover under Boron Stress May Bypass TLR3/4 Pathway in African Ostrich.

Previous studies revealed that thymus is a targeted immune organ in malnutrition, and high-boron stress is harmful for immune organs. African ostrich is the living fossil of ancient birds and the food animals in modern life. There is no report about the effect of boron intake on thymus of ostrich.

Effect of boric acid supplementation of ostrich water on the expression of Foxn1 in thymus.

Foxn1 is essential for thymus development. The relationship between boric acid and thymus development, optimal dose of boric acid in ostrich diets, and the effects of boric acid on the expression of Foxn1 were investigated in the present study. Thirty healthy ostriches were randomly divided into six groups: Group I, II, III, IV, V, VI, and supplemented with boric acid at the concentration of 0 mg/L, 40 mg/L, 80 mg/L, 160 mg/L, 320 mg/L, 640 mg/L, respectively.