Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma with NTRK fusion presenting as spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage-case report and literature review.

Background: Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma (PXA) is a rare brain tumor that accounts for <1% of all gliomas. An in-depth understanding of PXA's molecular makeup remains a work in progress due to its limited numbers globally. Separately, spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage (pICH) is an uncommon but potentially devastating emergency in young children, often caused by vascular malformations or underlying hematological conditions.

Complications of Caesarean delivery part 1: Early complications.

Introduction: With the rise in Caesarean deliveries, complications related to the procedure are increasingly encountered. Sonography has an indispensable role in the assessment of these complications and is often the first-line investigation of choice. Part 1 of this pictorial review summarises the early complications unique to and associated with Caesarean deliveries.

Management of acute testicular pain in children: changing trends with improvements in scrotal ultrasonography over 18 years.

Introduction: Doppler scrotal ultrasonography (US) is the modality of choice in diagnosing testicular torsion. We aimed to evaluate the performance of scrotal US in diagnosing testicular torsion over the past 18 years in our institution and determine the factors contributing to the length of wait times for it.

Methods: A retrospective review was conducted of boys who presented with acute scrotal pain from 2014 to 2015.

Ultrasound and alternative multimodality imaging of intra-abdominal and pelvic cystic masses in the newborn.

Ultrasound is used commonly to detect and diagnose intra-abdominal and pelvic cystic masses in the newborn as it is easily available, relatively low cost, and non-invasive. The diagnosis can be made or narrowed down by determining the location, size, sonographic features, organ involvement, and internal vascularity. The differential diagnoses include hydronephrosis, multicystic dysplastic kidney, adrenal haemorrhage, cystic teratomas, ovarian cysts, enteric cysts, meconium cysts, and liver haemangiomas.

Ultrasound in the evaluation of necrotic bowel in children: A pictorial essay.

Necrotic bowel is a serious condition involving death of gastrointestinal tissue. The diagnosis is difficult to make clinically, and plain radiography is often inconclusive. Ultrasonography is an inexpensive, portable and readily available complementary diagnostic tool.

Atypical presentation of acute fulminant neonatal necrotising enterocolitis: diagnostic superiority of sonographic evaluation over plain radiography of abdomen.

A female preterm infant was born to a non-consanguineous couple at 35 weeks of gestation. On day 8 of life, while on full feeds, she developed prolonged apnoea and bradycardia, requiring respiratory support. Her abdomen was soft with unremarkable serial abdominal X-rays.

Incidence of intussusception in Singaporean children aged less than 2 years: a hospital-based prospective study.

Background: Continuous surveillance for intussusception (IS) is important for monitoring the safety of second-generation rotavirus vaccines. The present study aimed to assess the incidence of IS in Singaporean children aged < 2 years.

Methods: This was a prospective, hospital-based, multi-center surveillance conducted in seven hospitals - two public hospitals and five private medical centers between May 2002 and June 2010 in Singapore.

Tropical pyomyositis and necrotizing fasciitis.

Pyomyositis is a purulent infection of skeletal muscle that arises from hematogenous spread, usually with abscess formation. Necrotizing fasciitis is a more severe, rapidly progressive infection involving the superficial and deep fascia with necrosis and fluid collections that can be life threatening if left untreated. Both conditions may coexist, and concomitant cellulitis is often seen.

An update of paediatric intussusception incidence in Singapore: 1997-2007, 11 years of intussusception surveillance.

Introduction: Understanding baseline epidemiology of intussusception (IS) in different geographical settings is important for the safety assessment of rotavirus vaccines. This paper presents IS surveillance data from Singapore between 1997 and 2007, including the period between November 2005 and December 2007 when rotavirus vaccines (primarily Rotarix) were available to newborns in Singapore.

Materials And Methods: Case ascertainment, collection, analyses and presentation of IS data was done as per recommendations of the Brighton Collaboration Working Group.

Primary bone tumors of adulthood.

Imaging plays a crucial role in the evaluation of primary bone tumors in adults. Initial radiographic evaluation is indicated in all cases with suspected primary bone tumors. Radiographs are useful for providing the diagnosis, a short list of differential diagnosis or at least indicating the degree of aggressiveness of the lesion.

Congenital osteofibrous dysplasia associated with pseudoarthrosis of the tibia and fibula.

The association between congenital pseudoarthrosis and osteofibrous dysplasia of the tibia and fibula is a rare entity that has been recently recognized. We report a male newborn who was found to have swelling and deformity of the left lower leg. Radiographs and magnetic resonance imaging showed an extensive destructive lesion of the tibial shaft, with dysplastic congenital pseudoarthrosis of the lower fibula.

Infantile lipofibromatosis of the upper limb.

The imaging features of extensive lipofibromatosis presenting in a 1-day-old female infant are reported. This lesion involved her entire right upper limb, extending from the axilla to the palm of the hand. Radiographs showed marked deformity and thinning of all the right upper-limb bones due to pressure effect of soft-tissue enlargement, especially affecting the distal humerus and proximal forearm bones.

Colour Doppler ultrasonography replacing surgical exploration for acute scrotum: myth or reality?

Background: Traditionally, every patient with an acute scrotum needed surgical exploration for definitive exclusion of testicular torsion.

Objective: In this study, we aimed to evaluate the improved accuracy in clinical diagnosis with colour Doppler Ultrasonography (US) added to normal clinical assessment.

Materials And Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 626 patients, who presented with acute scrotal pain between January 1998 and June 2004.

Skeletal tuberculosis in children.

The objective of this review is to present the imaging findings of skeletal tuberculosis in children. The incidence of tuberculosis is increasing and skeletal tuberculosis accounts for 10-20% of all extra-pulmonary cases. The most common manifestations of skeletal tuberculosis in children are spondylitis, arthritis and osteomyelitis.

The role of imaging in the staging and treatment planning of primary malignant bone tumors in children.

The accurate staging of primary bone tumors in children is critical for treatment planning. Limb salvage operations can now be performed with excellent outcomes in suitable patients. The purpose of this article is to review the current state of imaging techniques and their roles in enabling accurate staging and treatment planning to be performed in pediatric patients with primary bone tumors.

Intralobar sequestration of the lung is a congenital anomaly: anatomopathological analysis of four cases diagnosed in fetal life.

The origin of intralobar sequestration of the lung (ILS)-whether congenital or acquired--has often been controversial, since firm anatomical evidence of prenatal origin has been sparse. We describe four cases in which anomalous arterial supply from the aorta to abnormally echogenic lower lung lobes was demonstrated on routine antenatal ultrasound examination, and the diagnosis of ILS was subsequently confirmed by postmortem examination including bronchography of the fetuses at between 20 and 23 wk. One right-sided lesion was supplied from a branch of the coeliac axis, and three left-sided lesions were supplied from the thoracic aorta.

A 7-week-old female infant with a left thigh swelling.

This case is presented to illustrate the imaging and clinical findings of a condition of interest to orthopedic surgeons. The initial findings are noted on this page. The clinical and imaging diagnoses are presented on the following pages.

Percutaneous drainage of a postoperative intraspinal hematoma using a Tuohy needle.

A 78-year-old man developed a large subdural hematoma extending from T12 to L3 levels following L3 laminectomy and L3-5 posterior spinal fusion. He had associated neurological signs and symptoms. MR imaging showed typical signal characteristics of a subacute intraspinal subdural hematoma.