Culturally gendered personality traits across the adult lifespan: Longitudinal findings from two cohorts of the intergenerational studies.

Data from two cohorts of individuals, one born in the 1920s and the other in the 1950s, all members of the Intergenerational Studies, a longitudinal study begun in 1929 in Berkeley and Oakland, California, were investigated to explore intraindividual change and interindividual differences in intraindividual change with respect to 2 culturally gendered aspects of personality. Study participants completed the California Psychological Inventory (CPI) a maximum of 5 times across a maximum time interval of 52 years. The CPI generates 20 subscales, 2 of which are particularly gender linked: Femininity (FM) and Dominance (DO).

Uses of guilt in the treatment of dehumanization.

It is likely that under the impact of impending Nazism, aggression theory in late Freud, as presented in Civilization and its Discontents (1930), left the entirety of guilt to self-punishment, thus retracting his view that love functions in the superego as remorse and restitution. This change however, essentially withdraws provision for treating victims of abuse, violence and terror. This paper proposes a paradigm shift that reframes Freud's late instinct theory into a theory of dehumanization by recovering reparative and relational components of guilt.

Action knowledge, acknowledgment, and interpretive action in work with Holocaust survivors.

Survivors withhold disclosure of suffering when their terror is unwitnessed and when their expectation of disbelief or disregard obfuscates the reality of persecution. Knowledge itself then becomes traumatized, losing the power to inform and mobilize action. Survivors become habituated to suffering in a manner that subverts meaning, dampens vitality as well as pain, and arrests empathic connectedness.

Longitudinal hierarchical linear modeling analyses of California Psychological Inventory data from age 33 to 75: an examination of stability and change in adult personality.

Twenty aspects of personality assessed via the California Psychological Inventory (CPI; Gough & Bradley, 1996) from age 33 to 75 were examined in a sample of 279 individuals. Oakland Growth Study and Berkeley Guidance Study members completed the CPI a maximum of 4 times. We used longitudinal hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) to ask the following: Which personality characteristics change and which do not? Five CPI scales showed uniform lack of change, 2 showed heterogeneous change giving an averaged lack of change, 4 showed linear increases with age, 2 showed linear decreases with age, 4 showed gender or sample differences in linear change, 1 showed a quadratic peak, and 2 showed a quadratic nadir.