Chronic oral LPS administration does not increase inflammation or induce metabolic dysregulation in mice fed a western-style diet.

Introduction: Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) present in the intestine are suggested to enter the bloodstream after consumption of high-fat diets and cause systemic inflammation and metabolic dysregulation through a process named "metabolic endotoxemia." This study aimed to determine the role of orally administered LPS to mice in the early stage of chronic low-grade inflammation induced by diet.

Methods: We supplemented the drinking water with derived LPS to mice fed either high-fat Western-style diet (WSD) or standard chow (SC) for 7 weeks ( = 16-17).

Differential effects of plant and animal fats on obesity-induced dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis in Ldlr-/-.Leiden mice.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is closely associated with obesity through risk factors such as dyslipidemia and chronic low-grade inflammation, which may be affected by diet. Dietary fats have been extensively studied in relation to CVD risk, however these studies have not always yielded consistent results, most likely due to lack in control of experimental conditions and confounding factors. Here we studied the effects of different plant and animal fats on dyslipidemia, inflammation, and atherosclerosis.

High prostate cancer mortality in Norway: influence of Cancer Registry information?

Norway has among the highest prostate cancer mortality rates in the world. The aim of the present project was to assess whether this can be explained by the unique routine procedure of information transfer from the Cancer Registry of Norway (CR) to the Norwegian Cause of Death Registry (COD Registry). Norwegian prostate cancer patients deceased during 1996 were identified (n=2012).

Increased mortality rates in young and middle-aged patients with malignant germ cell tumours.

Cisplatin-based chemotherapy of malignant germ cell tumours (MGCT) has been reported to increase the risk of cardiovascular morbidity. A high incidence of second nongerm cell malignancies is well documented in MGCT survivors. The death risk due to these conditions is, however, more unknown in MGCT patients.

Both high and low levels of blood vitamin D are associated with a higher prostate cancer risk: a longitudinal, nested case-control study in the Nordic countries.

Vitamin D inhibits the development and growth of prostate cancer cells. Epidemiologic results on serum vitamin D levels and prostate cancer risk have, however, been inconsistent. We conducted a longitudinal nested case-control study on Nordic men (Norway, Finland and Sweden) using serum banks of 200,000 samples.

[Diagnosis and treatment of penile cancer].

Background: Penile cancer is a rare malignancy in Norway with about 40 new cases each year.

Material And Methods: An overview on diagnosis and treatment of penile cancer is given and the guidelines from the European Association of Urology are presented.

Results: Phimosis and poor genital hygiene are pre-disposing conditions for penile cancer.

Circulating enterolactone and prostate cancer risk: a Nordic nested case-control study.

Enterolactone, a phytoestrogen belonging to the class of lignans, is produced by the intestinal microflora from precursors in plant foods and has been implicated in protection against cancer. We study the effect of enterolactone on the risk of a subsequent diagnosis of prostate cancer. We conducted a longitudinal, nested case-control study by linkage of 3 biobanks to the cancer registries in Finland, Norway and Sweden, respectively.

[Epidemiology of prostatic cancer].

Prostate cancer is the most common type of cancer in Norway, with more than 2,400 new cases each year. Hormones, diet, and chemical and genetic factors are implicated in the aetiology. It is not clear whether alcohol and tobacco increase the risk of prostate cancer.

Follow-up of localized prostate cancer, with emphasis on previous undiagnosed incidental cancer.

Objective: To determine the natural course of incidental untreated transition zone prostate cancer and thus help to identify criteria to predict the prognosis and to determine treatment for individual patients.

Materials And Methods: A total of 1135 unselected surgical specimens of the prostate, examined during 1974 and 1975, were reviewed while unaware of case by two experienced pathologists. The patients from which the samples were obtained were followed for up to 20 years or death by The Cancer Registry of Norway and the outcome compared with the histological review.

[Undiagnosed microinvasive carcinomas of the prostate].

Quality assurance is becoming increasingly important in all aspects of health care, but a growing workload in recent years may delay the introduction of new quality assurance procedures. In 1994-95, in order to evaluate the standard of quality in executing routine histopathological procedures, a total of 1,135 prostatic specimens representing all surgical material taken from the prostate during 1974-75 were reviewed. The patients were followed up for to 20 years by comparing with the files of The Norwegian Cancer Registry.

Is prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia in the transition/central zone a true precursor of cancer? A long-term retrospective study in Norway.

Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) has been considered as a precursor of prostatic cancer. Few reports have dealt with the long-term follow-up of PIN lesions, and there is still a lack of proof that PIN is a true premalignant lesion. The objective of this study was to evaluate PIN in the transition/central zone as a marker for subsequent development of prostatic cancer.

Androgens in serum and the risk of prostate cancer: a nested case-control study from the Janus serum bank in Norway.

We tested the hypothesis that serum levels of testosterone (T), dihydrotestosterone (DHT), and the DHT metabolite 3 alpha,17 beta-androstanediol glucuronide are positively associated with the risk of prostate cancer. This nested case-control study was based on the cohort of men who donated blood to the Janus serum bank at Oslo University Hospital (Oslo, Norway) between 1973 and 1994. Cancer incidence was ascertained through linkage with the Norwegian Cancer Registry.

The importance of marital and socioeconomic status in incidence and survival of prostate cancer. An analysis of complete Norwegian birth cohorts.

Background: Previous studies of the association between social and family status and prostate cancer (PCa) have given somewhat divergent results. Little attention has been paid to the possible importance of these factors for survival.

Methods: In this study, hazard regression models for PCa incidence and mortality were estimated on the basis of register- and census-based histories for complete Norwegian birth cohorts, giving a follow-up time of 16 million person years and 30,000 cases of PCa.

Prediagnostic level of fatty acids in serum phospholipids: omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids and the risk of prostate cancer.

Ecological and case-control studies have demonstrated a positive correlation between consumption of fat and the risk of prostate cancer. Two recent human studies have focused on alpha-linolenic acid as a risk factor for prostate cancer. Animal experiments have shown that dietary omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids have generally stimulated tumour development, whereas omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids have diminished it.

Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia in surgical resections: relationship to coexistent adenocarcinoma and atypical adenomatous hyperplasia of the prostate.

Background: High grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) is associated with coincident prostate carcinoma, and has been considered to be a precursor of prostate carcinoma. Most studies on PIN have been performed on total prostatectomy or core needle biopsy specimens. Few reports deal with the occurrence of PIN in consecutive surgical resections, which is the objective of the current study.

[Increased incidence of prostatic cancer. The significance of prostate-specific antigen].

Patients with newly diagnosed prostate cancer who were registered in one hospital during two recent one-year periods were studied with regard to causes and consequences of the diagnosis. 65 new cases were registered in 1991 and 102 in 1994. These constitute about 90% of all new cases in the area served by the hospital, and are representative of the population to this extent.

[Prostatic cancer in Oslo--a real decline?].

Incidence of prostate cancer has increased steadily in Norway since the cancer registration started in the 1950s. In Oslo, however, the figures show decreasing incidence since the 1970s, a trend not observed in any other region. These changes have occurred in the groups older than 70 years of age.

Cancer of the prostate in Norway 1957-1991--a descriptive study.

The incidence and mortality of prostate cancer from 1957 to 1991 were studied in the Cancer Registry of Norway. The age-adjusted incidence rate increased from 26.3 to 46.

Quality of prostate cancer data in the cancer registry of Norway.

Completeness of reporting and internal validity of the coding of prostate cancer in the Cancer Registry (CR) in Norway were examined. Data were matched and evaluated against diagnostic indices at eight selected hospitals in the country and against death certificates from Statistics Norway. Validity control was based on detailed re-analysis of an approximately 1% sample of the registered data during the period 1957-1986.

The burden of prostate cancer from diagnosis until death.

Objective: To quantify the need for treatment and care in patients with conservatively treated prostate cancer.

Patients And Methods: All men who had been diagnosed with prostate cancer in a defined geographical area and who died within the period 1987-91 were identified. Patients treated with curative intent were excluded.

Prostatic carcinoma: a multivariate analysis of prognostic factors.

Tissue specimens from 150 patients with localised prostatic carcinomas and 116 patients with prostatic carcinomas with distant metastases were analysed for histological grade (WHO and Gleason) and immunoreactivity for prostate acid phosphatase (PAP), prostate-specific antigen (PSA), neurone-specific enolase (NSE), p53 protein, c-erbB-2 protein, cytokeratins (AE1/AE3) and vimentin. After stratification for the presence or absence of distant metastases, multivariate regression analysis revealed that WHO grading was the most powerful independent prognosticator, followed by age and prostate acid phosphatase expression. There was a trend towards reduced survival with decreasing prostate-specific antigen reactivity.

Survival after transurethral and transvesical surgery in localized cancer of the prostate, Norway 1957-1981.

Background: During the period 1957-1981, there has been a gradual change in the choice of surgical methods for patients with prostate cancer in Norway, from transvesical surgery to transurethral resections (TUR-P). Radical prostatectomy was practically nonexistent in the early years of this time period. Sixty-five percent (17,696 patients) of all patients with prostate cancer reported to the Cancer Registry had no metastases at the time of diagnosis.

[Data respect--data discipline--data understanding].

All hospitals are obliged to have an index of diagnoses made in the hospital. This file should be the basis for evaluation, planning and research. Our view is that such files are today incomplete and not very fit for above-mentioned purposes.