Economic evaluation of the reuse of brewery wastewater.

Freshwater scarcity is a global concern, not just in countries with limited water resources, and wastewater reuse is becoming an essential necessity. Beer is the fifth-most widely consumed beverage in the world and breweries are a major industrial water consumer. Within this study, the long-term performance of a modular pilot scale plant reusing brewery wastewater was investigated.

Enrichment of the Glycyrrhizic Acid from Licorice Roots (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.) by Isoelectric Focused Adsorptive Bubble Chromatography.

The main aim of this study was to enrich glycyrrhizic acid ammonium salt known as one of the main compounds of licorice roots (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.) by isoelectric focused adsorptive bubble separation technique with different foaming agents. In the experiments, four bubble separation parameters were used with β-lactoglobulin, albumin bovine, and starch (soluble) preferred as foaming agents and without additives.

Parametric study on the enrichment of immunoglobulin from milk by foam fractionation.

Foam fractionation is a promising method for separation and concentration of biochemicals. It is simple, easily scalable, inexpensive, and environment friendly. Foam fractionation thus represents an alternative to the traditional methods used for immunoglobulin enrichment.

The medical plant butterbur (Petasites): analytical and physiological (re)view.

Butterbur (Petasites) is an ancient plant which has been used for medical and edible purposes with its spasmolytic agents. However, toxic alkaloid content of the plant limits its direct usage. The paper covers the pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) and butterbur themes in detail in order to display the outline of alkaloid-free plant extract production for medical and edible purposes.

Corynebacterium glutamicum as an indicator for environmental cobalt and silver stress--a proteome analysis.

Cobalt and silver are toxic for cells, but mechanisms of this toxicity are largely unknown. Analysis of Corynebacterium glutamicum proteome from cells grown in control and cobalt or silver enriched media was performed by two dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE) followed by mass spectrometry. Our results indicate that the cell adapted to cobalt stress by inducing five defense mechanisms: Scavenging of free radicals, promotion of the generation of energy, reparation of DNA, reparation and biogenesis of Fe-S cluster proteins and supporting and reparation of cell wall.

High enrichment of MMP-9 and carboxypeptidase A by tweezing adsorptive bubble separation (TABS).

Tweezing adsorptive bubble separation (TABS) was used as a method for the enrichment of matrix metalloproteinases (92-kDa type IV, gelatinase B (MMP-9)) and carboxypeptidase A (CPA) from dilute aqueous solutions. The method is based on the chelation of metalloenzymes applying 2-(carbamoylmethyl-(carboxymethyl)amino)acetic acid (ADA) coupled with an octyl part to form a surface active unit. MMP-9 could be enriched with an enrichment ratio of 12.

Human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE), as evidenced by data from a duplicate diet study, indoor air, house dust, and biomonitoring in Germany.

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) are used as flame retardants in a wide variety of products. As part of the Integrated Exposure Assessment Survey (INES), this study aimed to characterize the exposure of an adult German population using duplicate diet samples, which were collected daily over seven consecutive days, and indoor air and house dust measurements. Our study population consisted of 27 female and 23 male healthy subjects, aged 14-60 years, all of whom resided in 34 homes in southern Bavaria.

Determination of extractability of pine bark using supercritical CO(2) extraction and different solvents: optimization and prediction.

Bark from Pinus brutia was extracted with supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), using CO(2), at various extraction conditions both at laboratory and at pilot scale. Optimized parameters were 200 bar, 60 degrees C, and 3% ethanol at a solvent/feed ratio of 30. Additionally, the pine bark was sonicated (1 h at 50 degrees C) by different solvents (n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol) to investigate the correlation between the different extraction setups and to obtain information on SFE up-scaling possibilities.

A proteome analysis of the cadmium and mercury response in Corynebacterium glutamicum.

Cadmium and mercury are well-known toxic heavy metals, but the basis of their toxicity is not well understood. In this study, we analyzed the cellular response of Corynebacterium glutamicum to sublethal concentrations of cadmium and mercury ions using 2-DE and MS. Mercury induced the over-expression of 13 C.

Efficient enrichment of alpha,beta-unsaturated bovine insulins-(C12)n using tweezing adsorptive bubble separation (TABS) with bovine serum albumin.

Alkyl-substituted insulin molecules are depository preparations used in the treatment of diabetes. The isolation and purification of these active compounds is performed on the hand of several complicated separation steps. In this work, nonmodified and new synthesized alpha,beta-unsaturated bovine insulins-(C12)(n) were selectively isolated from aqueous solution using tweezing adsorptive bubble separation (TABS) with BSA, which enabled reversible binding with the unpolar side chains of bovine insulin and its derivates.

Permissible level of toxaphene residues in fish from the German market based on in vivo and in vitro effects to tumor promotion.

Toxaphene is a chlorinated pesticide consisting of more than 200 congeners that are mainly chlorobornanes and chlorocamphenes. As the congeners exhibit different stability properties in the environment, only between 20 and 30 compounds can be observed in, e.g.

Concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers, organochlorine compounds and nitro musks in mother's milk from Germany (Bavaria).

The aim of this study was to determine a new spectrum of substances that will be selected for future breast milk monitoring in Bavaria, Germany. Up to now, the analysis of breast milk in Bavaria was limited to selected organochlorine pesticides (OCP) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB). Information on background levels of toxicologically interesting substances, such as dioxins and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCB) or on flame retardants, such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) are very limited or not available for Bavaria.

A proteome analysis of Corynebacterium glutamicum after exposure to the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D).

The herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D) induces a wide spectrum of toxic responses in living organisms. In this study, we analyzed the stress-induced responses of Corynebacterium glutamicum cells on protein level upon treatment with 2,4-D. For this, growing C.

Tweezing-adsorptive bubble separation. Analytical method for the selective and high enrichment of metalloenzymes.

A novelly developed tweezing-adsorptive bubble separation (ABS) method for the enrichment of metalloenzymes (laccase C and horseradish peroxidase) is introduced. The method is based on the chelation of the enzymes' active center and can also be applied for analysis. N-(2-acetamido)iminodiacetic acid served as a chelator and was synthesized with an octyl unit to become ADA-C8.

Efficiency of foam fractionation for the enrichment of nonpolar compounds from aqueous extracts of plant materials.

Biologically active compounds from several useful plants were enriched using foam fractionation, a separatory method belonging to the adsorptive bubble separation (ABS). Nonpolar humulones (1-6) from Pilsener beer, curcuminoids (7-9) from turmeric, and carotenoids (16 and 17) from carrot juice were enriched fast and quantitatively, depending on the process parameters, whereas more polar compounds such as catechins from green tea (11, 12, 14, and 15) and naringin (18) and hesperidin (19) from orange and grapefruit juices could not be enriched.

Enantioselective determination of chiral toxaphene congeners in laying hens and eggs using multidimensional high-resolution gas chromatography.

A total of 22 chiral toxaphene congeners were analyzed in organ tissues and eggs of laying hens after they had been fed with food spiked with technical toxaphene. For the analysis, multidimensional high-resolution gas chromatography using a chiral column coated with randomly silylated heptakis(O-tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-beta-cyclodextrin, electron capture detection, and valveless "live column switching" technique was applied. The analytical results were additionally confirmed with mass spectral data, recorded in electron-capture negative ionization mode with selected-ion monitoring mass spectrometry.

High efficiency enrichment of total and single whey proteins by pH controlled foam fractionation.

The feasibility of foam fractionation, as an alternative to other more commonly used methods, to effectively separate total whey proteins and single fractions has been studied. The investigation focused on the effects of different process parameters such as the pH value, the initial protein concentration, the flow rate and the addition of sodium dodecyl sulfate concentration as a surfactant. Whey proteins could be almost completely enriched into the foam fraction at pH values between 2 and 3; only traces of them remained in the residual whey solution.

Foam fractionation of exo-lipases from a growing fungus (Pleurotus sapidus).

Active lipases were isolated from the culture supernatant of the basidiomycetous fungus Pleurotus sapidus by foam fractionation. The pH value, the gas flow, and the foaming period were systematically varied to optimize the transport of the enzymes into the foam phase. On a 70-mL scale, a maximum recovery of hydrolytic activity of 95% was obtained at pH 7.

Structure of the toxaphene compound 2,5-endo,6-exo,8,9,9,10,10-octachlorobornene-2: a temperature-dependent formation of two rotamers.

The irradiation of 2,2,3-exo,5-endo,6-exo,8,9,9,10,10-decachlorobornane in n-hexane at 254 nm leads to a spontaneous Cl2 elimination as the major reaction pathway. This results finally in the main product 2,5-endo,6-exo,8,9,9,10,10-octachlorobornene-2, of which the structure could be elucidated with the help of X-ray, 1H and 13C NMR, IR, and MS. Temperature-dependent 1H NMR spectroscopic investigations have shown that the -CHCl2 groups located at C1 and C7 are able to rotate slowly under normal circumstances.

Analysis of short chain chlorinated paraffins in sediment samples from the Czech Republic by short-column GC/ECNI-MS.

Top layer sediment samples from the Czech Republic were analyzed to obtain the preliminary information about contamination of the region by chlorinated paraffins. Sediment samples from three locations with different industrial discharges were taken over the period of 2 years. The analysis was performed by short-column gas chromatography-electron capture negative ion mass spectrometry (SCGC/ECNI-MS).

Enrichment of the glycoalkaloids alpha-solanine and alpha-chaconine from potato juice by adsorptive bubble separation using a pH gradient.

For the first time, the solanidine alkaloids alpha-solanine and alpha-chaconine could be quantitatively enriched from potato juice by Adsorptive Bubble Separation (ABS) with a pH gradient. The enrichment into the foam was influenced by the pH value, bubble size, and gas flow rate. The efficiency was highest on using diluted samples with a concentration between 2 and 6 mg L(-1) of the alkaloids at pH 6.

Setting up standards and a reference map for the alkaline proteome of the Gram-positive bacterium Lactococcus lactis.

Despite the fact that almost 39% of the theoretical expressed proteins of Lactococcus lactis have a predicted isoelectric point above 7, these proteins have not been studied in previous proteome analyses. In the present study, we set up a reference map of alkaline lactococcal proteins by using immobilized pH gradients (IPG) spanning pH 6 to 12 and 9 to 12, and protein identification by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Different electrophoresis systems for isoelectric focusing were evaluated to optimize the first dimension.

Photolytic clean-up of biological samples for gas chromatographic analysis of chlorinated paraffins.

A method based on gas chromatography electron capture detection (GC-ECD) for the analysis of chlorinated paraffins (CPs) in biological samples has been investigated. The method includes photolytic destruction of halogenated aromatic compounds, such as PCBs, to eliminate some of the interferences in the analysis of CPs in environmental samples. Gel permeation chromatography was used to isolate CPs from the interfering components of Toxaphene and chlordane after the photolysis.

Quantitative elimination of Flavokavines A and B from Kava Kava (Piper methysticum G. Forst) by isoelectric focused adsorptive bubble separation.

Adsorptive bubble separation, though still rarely used, is a suitable method for enrichment of surface-active macromolecules such as enzymes and proteins. There is a lack of investigations with small molecules, which can also be separated from complex mixtures by this method. In this work, an aqueous extract of Kava Kava ( Piper methysticum G.