Ion-Pair Extraction of Quaternary Ammoniums Using Tetracyanocyclopentadienides and Synthetic Application for Complex Ammoniums.

A simple isolation method for quaternary ammonium cations via ion-pair extraction using tetracyanocyclopentadienide (TCCP) was established. Separation of tetraethylammonium and carbachol cations was achieved by the selective extraction of tetraethylammonium with ethoxycarbonyl TCCP, which was moderately lipophilic. The ion-pair extraction with TCCPs was applied to the synthesis of complex quaternary ammonium salts, including a spiro vinylammonium that is a precursor of the novel 3-aza-Cope-Mannich cascade.

Effect of long-term late-evening snack on health-related quality of life in cirrhotic patients.

Aim: In patients with liver cirrhosis, abnormal energy metabolism induces low health-related quality of life (HRQOL) scores. However, late-evening snack (LES) prevents morning starvation in cirrhotic patients. Our aim is to assess the effect of long-term LES on HRQOL in cirrhotic patients, using the 36-item Short Form (SF-36) health survey.