Dietary raffinose ameliorates hepatic lipid accumulation induced by cholic acid via modulation of enterohepatic bile acid circulation in rats.

Enterohepatic circulation of 12-hydroxylated (12OH) bile acid (BA) is enhanced depending on the energy intake in high-fat diet-fed rats. Such BA metabolism can be reproduced using a diet supplemented with cholic acid (CA), which also induces simple steatosis, without inflammation and fibrosis, accompanied by some other symptoms that are frequently observed in the condition of non-alcoholic fatty liver in rats. We investigated whether supplementation of the diet with raffinose (Raf) improves hepatic lipid accumulation induced by the CA-fed condition in rats.

Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution of Polyfluoroarene to Access Highly Functionalized 10-Phenylphenothiazine Derivatives.

Nucleophilic aromatic substitution (SAr) reactions can provide metal-free access to synthesize monosubstituted aromatic compounds. We developed efficient SAr conditions for -selective substitution of polyfluoroarenes with phenothiazine in the presence of a mild base to afford the corresponding 10-phenylphenothiazine (PTH) derivatives. The resulting polyfluoroarene-bearing PTH derivatives were subjected to a second SAr reaction to generate highly functionalized PTH derivatives with potential applicability as photocatalysts for the reduction of carbon-halogen bonds.