Tomographic ultrasound imaging of the anophthalmic socket for future 3D printing of ocular prostheses.

Purpose: There is a need for a simple, non-invasive, and easily accessible 3D imaging technique for the anophthalmic socket to create imaging data for future 3D printing of prostheses. This study aimed to investigate the feasibility of using a novel handheld tomographic ultrasound for 3D mapping of the anophthalmic socket.

Methods: Ten anophthalmic sockets were scanned using a tomographic ultrasound system and the results were compared to CT scanned impression molds from the same sockets.

Determining Asymmetry Thresholds in Anophthalmia/Microphthalmia Using a Three-dimensional Animated Model.

Purpose: Congenital microphthalmia and anophthalmia are rare development disorders with underdevelopment of the orbital region, resulting in asymmetry of the face. No clear guidelines exist to determine when these deviations are acceptable.

Methods: The face of a healthy 6-year-old child was three-dimensionally scanned.

Long term follow-up of axial length and orbital dimensions in congenital microphthalmia and anophthalmia.

Purpose: To evaluate axial length (AL), orbital width (OW) and height (OH) development in congenital microphthalmia and anophthalmia (MICA) using serial ultrasonography measurements.

Methods: A longitudinal prospective cohort (n = 74) of unilaterally and bilaterally affected MICA patients was followed from 2013 to 2022 at the university hospital in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Clinical entity, age, severity category based on axial length, conformer treatment and intra-orbital cysts were registered.

Effects of orbital decompression on duction, cyclotorsion and diplopia.

Background: Orbital decompression is commonly performed to correct proptosis in patients with Graves' orbitopathy (GO). In literature, the incidence of new-onset constant diplopia after orbital decompression varies. Few studies have evaluated changes in duction and cyclodeviation after orbital decompression.

[Watery eyes: diagnostic and therapeutic considerations].

Tear complaints can arise from either an increased tear production or from a disturbed tear drainage. Increased tear production from the lacrimal gland is a neuroregulated response to a dried out or irritated ocular surface. Dryness often results from a reduced quality of the tear film, but can also be caused by eyelid malposition with increased globe exposure.

Workflow and treatment results for computer-aided design and 3D-printed conformer therapy of congenital anophthalmia and microphthalmia.

Background/aims: To evaluate treatment with custom, three-dimensional (3D) printed conformers for socket expansion in congenital microphthalmia and anophthalmia (MICA).

Methods: Retrospective analysis of prospective cohort from 2016 to 2020. All children received custom-made 3D-printed conformers increasing in size.

Three-Dimensional Computer-Aided Design of a Full-Color Ocular Prosthesis with Textured Iris and Sclera Manufactured in One Single Print Job.

Three-dimensional (3D) printing of ocular prosthesis has been scarcely described in medical literature. Although ocular prostheses have been 3D printed successfully, iris colors are often manually added to the final product afterward. The objective was to produce a 3D-printed ocular prosthesis with textured iris and sclera in one single print job.

Meta-analysis of ocular axial length in newborns and infants up to 3 years of age.

In pediatric ophthalmology it is often necessary to obtain axial length in young children. For children older than 3 years, noncontact biometry can be used. For younger children this is usually not an option, and the clinician needs to rely on other imaging modalities.

Recurrent contracted sockets treated with personalized, three-dimensionally printed conformers and buccal grafts.

Purpose: Recurrent contracted sockets are complex situations where previous surgeries have failed, disabling the wear of an ocular prosthesis. A combined method of surgery and long-term fixation using custom-made, three-dimensional (3D) printed conformers is evaluated.

Methods: Retrospective case series of nine patients with recurrent excessive socket contraction and inability to wear a prosthesis, caused by chemical burns ( = 3), fireworks ( = 3), trauma ( = 2) and enucleation and radiotherapy at childhood due to optic nerve glioma ( = 1) with three average previous socket surgeries (range 2-6).

Classification for treatment urgency for the microphthalmia/anophthalmia spectrum using clinical and biometrical characteristics.

Purpose: Current clinical classifications do not distinguish between the severity of the MICrophthalmia/Anophthalmia (MICA) spectrum with regard to treatment urgency. We aim to provide parameters for distinguishing mild, moderate and severe MICA using clinical and biometrical characteristics.

Methods: We performed a single-centre, cross-sectional analysis of prospective cohort of 58 MICA children from September 2013 to February 2018 seen at the Amsterdam University Medical Center, The Netherlands.

Case series: effect of dermis-fat implants in different late onset socket problems encountered in retinoblastoma patients.

Background: Cosmetic dissatisfaction, pain, and chronic discharge may present months till years after enucleation in patients operated because of retinoblastoma. If noninvasive treatment modalities are insufficient, socket reconstruction can be considered. In this study, we discuss the results of dermis-fat exchange to treat these problems.

An Individualized 3-Dimensional Designed and Printed Conformer After Dermis Fat Grafting for Complex Sockets.

Purpose: To introduce a novel technique to design individually customized conformers for postenucleation sockets with dermis fat implants.

Methods: We use a 3-dimensional scan of the frontal face/orbit and eyelid contour to design an individualized conformer. This polymethylmetacrylate printed conformer is adapted to patients' socket, palpebral fissures, horizontal eyelid aperture, curvature of the eyelids, and mean diameter of patients' contralateral eye.

Persistent socket pain postenucleation and post evisceration: a systematic review.

Purpose: To investigate causes, diagnostics and treatment modalities for persistent socket pain (PSP) after enucleation and evisceration.

Methods: A systematic search was undertaken in accordance with the PRISMA Statement, in PubMed, Embase.com and Thomson Reuters/Web of Science.

Cosmetic results of enucleation and/or external beam radiation therapy in 195 retinoblastoma survivors.

Purpose: To report the cosmetic outcome and late effects of enucleation and/or irradiation for retinoblastoma and to evaluate the role of orbital implants.

Methods: Patients (age >4 years) enucleated and/or irradiated for retinoblastoma, visiting the hospital for routine follow-up (April 2013 to May 2015), were included in our cross-sectional study. Data were obtained via clinical records, questionnaires, physical measurements and standardized photographs.

Discharge and infection in retinoblastoma post-enucleation sockets.

Purpose: To investigate the causes and treatment options for socket discharge and infection in patients enucleated for retinoblastoma (Rb).

Methods: A questionnaire was filled out by (parents of) ocular prosthesis-wearing patients with a history of enucleation as treatment for Rb. We collected data on patients' characteristics, cleaning habits of the prosthesis, frequency of socket irritation, discharge, and infection, and use of antibiotics.

A Novel Method to Measure Artificial Eye Motility.

Purpose: To measure objectively, reproducibly, and noninvasively artificial eye motility, a fundamental aspect in the (cosmetic) outcome of enucleation.

Method: A gaze- and pupil-tracking system, the "iView X," was implemented to measure horizontal eye motility. The system, with adjusted software, was tested with patients wearing 1 prosthetic eye after enucleation for retinoblastoma.

3D Orbital Reconstruction in a Patient with Microphthalmos and a Large Orbital Cyst-A Case Report.

Background: Orbital cysts are rare developmental anomalies that can occur in microphthalmic and anophthalmic patients. Such cysts can promote orbital growth and subsequently markedly increase the size of the orbit, which is commonly underdeveloped in these patients. Cyst removal is therefore generally dissuaded (at least) in the first 5 years.

Orbital implants in retinoblastoma patients: 23 years of experience and a review of the literature.

Purpose: To evaluate complications of different types of orbital implants following enucleation for retinoblastoma.

Methods: We performed a retrospective chart study of all patients that underwent enucleation as treatment of retinoblastoma between April 1991 and June 2013. Events of implant exposure, extrusion (defined as a complete loss of the implant, or a major exposure that could not be closed) and socket abnormalities were analysed for association with implant type and influence of additional external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) and/or chemotherapy.

Worldwide enucleation techniques and materials for treatment of retinoblastoma: an international survey.

Purpose: To investigate the current practice of enucleation with or without orbital implant for retinoblastoma in countries across the world.

Methods: A digital survey identifying operation techniques and material used for orbital implants after enucleation in patients with retinoblastoma.

Results: We received a response of 58 surgeons in 32 different countries.

Search for a correlation between telomere length and severity of retinitis pigmentosa due to the dominant rhodopsin Pro23His mutation.

Purpose: Great variation exists in the age of onset of symptoms and the severity of disease at a given age in patients with retinitis pigmentosa (RP). The final pathway for this disease may involve apoptotic photoreceptor cell death. Telomere length is associated with biologic aging, senescence, and apoptosis.

Insights from retinitis pigmentosa into the roles of isocitrate dehydrogenases in the Krebs cycle.

Here we describe two families with retinitis pigmentosa, a hereditary neurodegeneration of rod and cone photoreceptors in the retina. Affected family members were homozygous for loss-of-function mutations in IDH3B, encoding the beta-subunit of NAD-specific isocitrate dehydrogenase (NAD-IDH, or IDH3), which is believed to catalyze the oxidation of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate in the citric acid cycle. Cells from affected individuals had a substantial reduction of NAD-IDH activity, with about a 300-fold increase in the K(m) for NAD.