Soluble adenylyl cyclase is an acid-base sensor in rainbow trout red blood cells that regulates intracellular pH and haemoglobin-oxygen binding.

Aim: To identify the physiological role of the acid-base sensing enzyme, soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC), in red blood cells (RBC) of the model teleost fish, rainbow trout.

Methods: We used: (i) super-resolution microscopy to determine the subcellular location of sAC protein; (ii) live-cell imaging of RBC intracellular pH (pH) with specific sAC inhibition (KH7 or LRE1) to determine its role in cellular acid-base regulation; (iii) spectrophotometric measurements of haemoglobin-oxygen (Hb-O) binding in steady-state conditions; and (iv) during simulated arterial-venous transit, to determine the role of sAC in systemic O transport.

Results: Distinct pools of sAC protein were detected in the RBC cytoplasm, at the plasma membrane and within the nucleus.

An Imputation Method for Simulating 3D Well Screen Locations from Limited Regional Well Log Data.

In groundwater modeling studies, accurate spatial and intensity identification of water sources and sinks is of critical importance. Precise construction data about wells (water sinks) are particularly difficult to obtain. The collection of well log data is expensive and laborious, and government records of historic well log data are often imprecise and incomplete with respect to the precise location or pumping rate.

The physiological significance of plasma-accessible carbonic anhydrase in the respiratory systems of fishes.

Carbonic anhydrase (CA) activity is ubiquitously found in all vertebrate species, tissues and cellular compartments. Most species have plasma-accessible CA (paCA) isoforms at the respiratory surfaces, where the enzyme catalyzes the conversion of plasma bicarbonate to carbon dioxide (CO) that can be excreted by diffusion. A notable exception are the teleost fishes that appear to lack paCA at their gills.

Fractionation of wood due to industrial chipping: effects and potential for Kraft pulping of European spruce.

The research conducted on kraft cooking of for different chip sizes is often not representative for the industrial process since the chip size fractions were made of high-quality wood without impurities. We evaluated the effects and the potential of cooking non ideal spruce chip fractions after industrial chipping and screening. The chips were classified according to SCAN 40:01, and the respective fractions were cooked under the identical conditions to mimic the effect of a joint cooking in the industrial digester.

A novel perspective on the evolutionary loss of plasma-accessible carbonic anhydrase at the teleost gill.

The gills of most teleost fishes lack plasma-accessible carbonic anhydrase (paCA) that could participate in CO2 excretion. We tested the prevailing hypothesis that paCA would interfere with red blood cell (RBC) intracellular pH regulation by β-adrenergic sodium-proton exchangers (β-NHE) that protect pH-sensitive haemoglobin-oxygen (Hb-O2) binding during an acidosis. In an open system that mimics the gills, β-NHE activity increased Hb-O2 saturation during a respiratory acidosis in the presence or absence of paCA, whereas the effect was abolished by NHE inhibition.

Zoledronic Acid Blocks Overactive Kir6.1/SUR2-Dependent K Channels in Skeletal Muscle and Osteoblasts in a Murine Model of Cantú Syndrome.

Cantú syndrome (CS) is caused by the gain of function mutations in the and genes encoding, respectively, for the sulfonylureas receptor type 2 (SUR2) and the inwardly rectifier potassium channel 6.1 (Kir6.1) of the ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels.

Acute CO tolerance in fishes is associated with air breathing but not the Root effect, red cell βNHE, or habitat.

High CO (hypercapnia) can impose significant physiological challenges associated with acid-base regulation in fishes, impairing whole animal performance and survival. Unlike other environmental conditions such as temperature and O, the acute CO tolerance thresholds of fishes are not understood. While some fish species are highly tolerant, the extent of acute CO tolerance and the associated physiological and ecological traits remain largely unknown.

Linking environmental salinity to respiratory phenotypes and metabolic rate in fishes: a data mining and modelling approach.

The gill is the primary site of ionoregulation and gas exchange in adult teleost fishes. However, those characteristics that benefit diffusive gas exchange (large, thin gills) may also enhance the passive equilibration of ions and water that threaten osmotic homeostasis. Our literature review revealed that gill surface area and thickness were similar in freshwater (FW) and seawater (SW) species; however, the diffusive oxygen (O2) conductance (Gd) of the gill was lower in FW species.

Potential effects on groundwater quality associated with infiltrating stormwater through dry wells for aquifer recharge.

Dry wells (gravity-fed infiltration wells) have frequently been used to recharge aquifers with stormwater, especially in urban areas, as well as manage flood risk and reduce surface water body contamination from stormwater pollutants. However, only limited assessment of their potential adverse impacts on groundwater quality exists. Dry well recharge can bypass significant portions of the filtering-capacity of the vadose zone.

Fate and transport in environmental quality.

Changes in pollutant concentrations in environmental media occur both from pollutant transport in water or air and from local processes, such as adsorption, degradation, precipitation, straining, and so on. The terms "fate and transport" and "transport and fate" reflect the coupling of moving with the carrier media and biogeochemical processes describing local transformations or interactions. The Journal of Environmental Quality (JEQ) was one of the first to publish papers on fate and transport (F&T).

Adrenergically induced translocation of red blood cell β-adrenergic sodium-proton exchangers has ecological relevance for hypoxic and hypercapnic white seabass.

White seabass () increasingly experience periods of low oxygen (O; hypoxia) and high carbon dioxide (CO, hypercapnia) due to climate change and eutrophication of the coastal waters of California. Hemoglobin (Hb) is the principal O carrier in the blood and in many teleost fishes Hb-O binding is compromised at low pH; however, the red blood cells (RBC) of some species regulate intracellular pH with adrenergically stimulated sodium-proton-exchangers (β-NHEs). We hypothesized that RBC β-NHEs in white seabass are an important mechanism that can protect the blood O-carrying capacity during hypoxia and hypercapnia.

Consequences of SUR2[A478V] Mutation in Skeletal Muscle of Murine Model of Cantu Syndrome.

(1) Background: Cantu syndrome (CS) arises from gain-of-function (GOF) mutations in the and genes, which encode ATP-sensitive K (KATP) channel subunits SUR2 and Kir6.1, respectively. Most CS patients have mutations in SUR2, the major component of skeletal muscle KATP, but the consequences of SUR2 GOF in skeletal muscle are unknown.

Field-effect silicon-plasmonic photodetector for coherent T-wave reception.

Plasmonic internal photoemission detectors (PIPED) have recently been shown to combine compact footprint and high bandwidth with monolithic co-integration into silicon photonic circuits, thereby opening an attractive route towards optoelectronic generation and detection of waveforms in the sub-THz and THz frequency range, so-called T-waves. In this paper, we further expand the PIPED concept by introducing a metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) interface with an additional gate electrode that allows to control the carrier dynamics in the device and the degree of internal photoemission at the metal-semiconductor interfaces. We experimentally study the behavior of dedicated field-effect (FE-)PIPED test structures and develop a physical understanding of the underlying principles.

Reduced dispersibility of flushable wet wipes after wet storage.

Scientific publications and newsfeeds recently focused on flushable wet wipes and their role in sewage system blockages. It is stated that although products are marked as flushable, they do not disintegrate after being disposed of via the toilet. In this work it is shown that wetlaid hydroentangled wet wipes lose their initially good dispersive properties during their storage in wet condition.

Molecular and biochemical characterization of the bicarbonate-sensing soluble adenylyl cyclase from a bony fish, the rainbow trout .

Soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC) is a -stimulated enzyme that produces the ubiquitous signalling molecule cAMP, and deemed an evolutionarily conserved acid-base sensor. However, its presence is not yet confirmed in bony fishes, the most abundant and diverse of vertebrates. Here, we identified sAC genes in various cartilaginous, ray-finned and lobe-finned fish species.

Complex consequences of Cantu syndrome SUR2 variant R1154Q in genetically modified mice.

Cantu syndrome (CS) is caused by gain-of-function (GOF) mutations in pore-forming (Kir6.1, KCNJ8) and accessory (SUR2, ABCC9) ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channel subunits, the most common mutations being SUR2[R1154Q] and SUR2[R1154W], carried by approximately 30% of patients. We used CRISPR/Cas9 genome engineering to introduce the equivalent of the human SUR2[R1154Q] mutation into the mouse ABCC9 gene.

Effect of Groundwater Age and Recharge Source on Nitrate Concentrations in Domestic Wells in the San Joaquin Valley.

Nitrate is one of the most abundant contaminants in groundwater globally, in the United States, and in California (CA). We studied well construction information, water chemistry, stable isotopes, and noble gases to understand how groundwater travel time and recharge source and mechanism control nitrate concentrations in domestic wells in the San Joaquin Valley (SJV), CA, a large semiarid, irrigated agricultural region. Using nonparametric statistics, we find a decreasing trend in nitrates with groundwater travel time and well depth.

Pathophysiological Consequences of KATP Channel Overactivity and Pharmacological Response to Glibenclamide in Skeletal Muscle of a Murine Model of Cantù Syndrome.

Cantù syndrome (CS) arises from mutations in and genes that lead to gain of function (GOF) of ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels containing SUR2A and Kir6.1 subunits, respectively, of KATP channels. Pathological consequences of CS have been reported for cardiac and smooth muscle cells but consequences in skeletal muscle are unknown.

Teleost red blood cells actively enhance the passive diffusion of oxygen that was discovered by August Krogh.

In the early 20th century, August and Marie Krogh settled one of the most controversial questions in physiology, showing through elegant experiments that oxygen (O) uptake at the lung is driven by passive diffusion alone. Krogh's later work, on the regulation of local blood flow and capillary recruitment at the tissues, was awarded with the Nobel Prize in 1920. A century later it is still undisputed that O moves across tissues by diffusion, however, animals use active mechanisms to regulate and facilitate the passive process.