Low energy availability: history, definition and evidence of its endocrine, metabolic and physiological effects in prospective studies in females and males.

Energy availability (EA) is defined as the amount of dietary energy available to sustain physiological function after subtracting the energetic cost of exercise. Insufficient EA due to increased exercise, reduced energy intake, or a combination of both, is a potent disruptor of the endocrine milieu. As such, EA is conceived as a key etiological factor underlying a plethora of physiological dysregulations described in the female athlete triad, its male counterpart and the Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport models.

Post-Exercise Carbohydrate-Energy Replacement Attenuates Insulin Sensitivity and Glucose Tolerance the Following Morning in Healthy Adults.

The carbohydrate deficit induced by exercise is thought to play a key role in increased post-exercise insulin action. However, the effects of replacing carbohydrate utilized during exercise on postprandial glycaemia and insulin sensitivity are yet to be determined. This study therefore isolated the extent to which the insulin-sensitizing effects of exercise are dependent on the carbohydrate deficit induced by exercise, relative to other exercise-mediated mechanisms.

Automated collection of double red blood cell units with a variable-volume separation chamber.

Background: Automated collection of blood components offers multiple advantages and has prompted development of portable devices. This study sought to document the biochemical and hematologic properties and in vivo recovery of red cells (RBCs) collected via a new device that employed a variable-volume centrifugal separation chamber.

Study Design And Methods: Normal subjects (n = 153) donated 2 units of RBCs via an automated blood collection system (Cymbal, Haemonetics).

Extended storage of AS-1 and AS-3 leukoreduced red blood cells for 15 days after deglycerolization and resuspension in AS-3 using an automated closed system.

Background: The utilization of cryopreserved red blood cell (RBC) units had been limited by a maximum postdeglycerolization storage of 24 hours at 1 to 6 degrees C until the recent development of a closed system for the glycerolization and deglycerolization process.

Study Design And Methods: Sixty leukoreduced additive solution (AS), AS-1 (n = 30) and AS-3 (n = 30) RBC units from 500-mL whole blood (WB) collections were stored for 6 days, glycerolized, frozen at -70 +/- 5 degrees C for at least 14 days, thawed, deglycerolized, and stored for 15 days at 1 to 6 degrees C. Glycerolization and deglycerolization were performed with the ACP 215.