Current best practice for bladder cancer: a narrative review of diagnostics and treatments.

This Seminar presents the current best practice for the diagnosis and management of bladder cancer. The scope of this Seminar ranges from current challenges in pathology, such as the evolving histological and molecular classification of disease, to advances in personalised medicine and novel imaging approaches. We discuss the current role of radiotherapy, surgical management of non-muscle-invasive and muscle-invasive disease, highlight the challenges of treatment of metastatic bladder cancer, and discuss the latest developments in systemic therapy.

Diffusion-Weighted MRI in the Genitourinary System.

Diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) constitutes a major functional parameter performed in Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). The DW sequence is performed by acquiring a set of native images described by their b-values, each b-value representing the strength of the diffusion MR gradients specific to that sequence. By fitting the data with models describing the motion of water in tissue, an apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) map is built and allows the assessment of water mobility inside the tissue.

A longitudinal study evaluating interim assessment of neoadjuvant chemotherapy for bladder cancer.

Objectives: To evaluate the usefulness of radiological re-staging after two and four cycles of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC), the impact of re-staging on further patient management, and the correlation between clinical and final pathological tumour stage at radical cystectomy (RC).

Patients And Methods: We conducted a longitudinal, single-centre, cohort study of prospectively collected consecutive patients who underwent NAC and RC for urothelial muscle-invasive bladder cancer between July 2001 and December 2017. Patients underwent repeated computed tomography scans for re-staging after two cycles of NAC and after completion of NAC before RC.

How to improve image quality of DWI of the prostate-enema or catheter preparation?

Objectives: To compare the impact of laxative enema preparation versus air/gas suction through a small catheter on image quality of prostate DWI.

Methods: In this single-center study, 200 consecutive patients (100 in each arm) with either enema or catheter preparation were retrospectively included. Two blinded readers independently assessed aspects of image quality on 5-point Likert scales.

Introducing the Node Reporting and Data System 1.0 (Node-RADS): a concept for standardized assessment of lymph nodes in cancer.

"Node-RADS" addresses the lack of consensus in the radiologic assessment of lymph node involvement by cancer and meets the increasing demand for structured reporting on the likelihood of disease involvement. Node Reporting and Data System 1.0 (Node-RADS) systematically classifies the degree of suspicion of lymph node involvement based on the synthesis of established imaging findings.

Association Between Multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Prostate and Oncological Outcomes after Primary Treatment for Prostate Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Context: The diagnostic accuracy of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) for prostate cancer (PCa) diagnosis has been extensively explored. Little is known about the prognostic value of mpMRI suspicion scores and other quantitative mpMRI information.

Objective: To systematically review the current literature assessing the relationship between pretreatment mpMRI and oncological outcomes after primary treatment for PCa to assess the role of mpMRI as a prognostic tool.

Typical imaging finding of hepatic infections: a pictorial essay.

Hepatic infections are frequent in clinical practice. Although epidemiological, clinical and laboratory data may suggest hepatic infection in certain cases, imaging is nearly always necessary to confirm the diagnosis, assess disease extension and its complications, evaluate the response to treatment, and sometimes to make differential diagnoses such as malignancies. Ultrasound (US) is usually the first-line investigation, while computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provide better characterization and a more precise assessment of local extension, especially biliary and vascular.

Correction to: Consensus-based technical recommendations for clinical translation of renal diffusion-weighted MRI.

The article Consensus-based technical recommendations for clinical translation of renal diffusion-weighted MRI.

Amide Proton Transfer Weighted Imaging Shows Differences in Multiple Sclerosis Lesions and White Matter Hyperintensities of Presumed Vascular Origin.

To assess the ability of 3D amide proton transfer weighted (APTw) imaging based on magnetization transfer analysis to discriminate between multiple sclerosis lesions (MSL) and white matter hyperintensities of presumed vascular origin (WMH) and to compare APTw signal intensity of healthy white matter (healthy WM) with APTw signal intensity of MSL and WHM. A total of 27 patients (16 female, 11 males, mean age 39.6 years) with multiple sclerosis, 35 patients (17 females, 18 males, mean age 66.

Consensus-based technical recommendations for clinical translation of renal diffusion-weighted MRI.

Objectives: Standardization is an important milestone in the validation of DWI-based parameters as imaging biomarkers for renal disease. Here, we propose technical recommendations on three variants of renal DWI, monoexponential DWI, IVIM and DTI, as well as associated MRI biomarkers (ADC, D, D*, f, FA and MD) to aid ongoing international efforts on methodological harmonization.

Materials And Methods: Reported DWI biomarkers from 194 prior renal DWI studies were extracted and Pearson correlations between diffusion biomarkers and protocol parameters were computed.

Deep learning how to fit an intravoxel incoherent motion model to diffusion-weighted MRI.

Purpose: This prospective clinical study assesses the feasibility of training a deep neural network (DNN) for intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) model fitting to diffusion-weighted MRI (DW-MRI) data and evaluates its performance.

Methods: In May 2011, 10 male volunteers (age range, 29-53 years; mean, 37) underwent DW-MRI of the upper abdomen on 1.5T and 3.

PI-RADS Steering Committee: The PI-RADS Multiparametric MRI and MRI-directed Biopsy Pathway.

High-quality evidence shows that MRI in biopsy-naive men can reduce the number of men who need prostate biopsy and can reduce the number of diagnoses of clinically insignificant cancers that are unlikely to cause harm. In men with prior negative biopsy results who remain under persistent suspicion, MRI improves the detection and localization of life-threatening prostate cancer with greater clinical utility than the current standard of care, systematic transrectal US-guided biopsy. Systematic analyses show that MRI-directed biopsy increases the effectiveness of the prostate cancer diagnosis pathway.

Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System Version 2.1: 2019 Update of Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System Version 2.

The Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System version 2 (PI-RADS v2) was developed with a consensus-based process using a combination of published data, and expert observations and opinions. In the short time since its release, numerous studies have validated the value of PI-RADS v2 but, as expected, have also identified a number of ambiguities and limitations, some of which have been documented in the literature with potential solutions offered. To address these issues, the PI-RADS Steering Committee, again using a consensus-based process, has recommended several modifications to PI-RADS v2, maintaining the framework of assigning scores to individual sequences and using these scores to derive an overall assessment category.

Magnetic resonance imaging biomarkers for chronic kidney disease: a position paper from the European Cooperation in Science and Technology Action PARENCHIMA.

Functional renal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has seen a number of recent advances, and techniques are now available that can generate quantitative imaging biomarkers with the potential to improve the management of kidney disease. Such biomarkers are sensitive to changes in renal blood flow, tissue perfusion, oxygenation and microstructure (including inflammation and fibrosis), processes that are important in a range of renal diseases including chronic kidney disease. However, several challenges remain to move these techniques towards clinical adoption, from technical validation through biological and clinical validation, to demonstration of cost-effectiveness and regulatory qualification.

Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging to assess diffuse renal pathology: a systematic review and statement paper.

Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI) is a non-invasive method sensitive to local water motion in the tissue. As a tool to probe the microstructure, including the presence and potentially the degree of renal fibrosis, DWI has the potential to become an effective imaging biomarker. The aim of this review is to discuss the current status of renal DWI in diffuse renal diseases.

Functional and Targeted Lymph Node Imaging in Prostate Cancer: Current Status and Future Challenges.

Patients with prostate cancer who have regional lymph node (LN) metastases face an increased risk of death from disease and are therefore treated aggressively. Surgical LN dissection is the established method of staging regional nodes; however, this invasive technique carries substantial morbidities and a noninvasive imaging method is needed to reduce or eliminate the need for extended pelvic LN dissections (ePLND). Conventional computed tomography and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging have proven insensitive and nonspecific because both use nodal size criteria, which is notoriously inaccurate.

Selection for biopsy of kidney transplant patients by diffusion-weighted MRI.

Objectives: To assess retrospectively whether diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DW-MRI) allows physicians to determine the severity of histopathologic findings in biopsies of renal allograft patients with deteriorating renal function.

Methods: Forty consecutive kidney transplant patients underwent DW-MRI and biopsy. Patients were assigned to one group with severe and to another group with normal or mild histopathologic findings.

Functional MRI for the prediction of treatment response in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: potential and limitations.

Pre-treatment or early intra-treatment prediction of patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) who are likely to have tumours that are resistant to chemoradiotherapy (CRT) would enable treatment regimens to be changed at an early time point, or allow patients at risk of residual disease to be targeted for more intensive post-treatment investigation. Research into the potential advantages of using functional-based magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequences before or during cancer treatments to predict treatment response has been ongoing for several years. In regard to HNSCC, the reported results from functional MRI research are promising but they have yet to be transferred to the clinical domain.

Cross-sectional imaging in cancers of the head and neck: how we review and report.

Cancer of the head and neck is the sixth most frequent cancer worldwide and associated with significant morbidity. The head and neck area is complex and divided into various anatomical and functional subunits. Imaging is performed by cross-sectional modalities like computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound and positron emission tomography-computed tomography, usually with fluorine-18-deoxy-D-glucose.

Differentiation of prostate cancer lesions with high and with low Gleason score by diffusion-weighted MRI.

Objectives: To differentiate prostate cancer lesions with high and with low Gleason score by diffusion-weighted-MRI (DW-MRI).

Methods: This prospective study was approved by the responsible ethics committee. DW-MRI of 84 consenting prostate and/or bladder cancer patients scheduled for radical prostatectomy were acquired and used to compute apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM: the pure diffusion coefficient D , the pseudo-diffusion fraction F and the pseudo-diffusion coefficient D ), and high b value (as acquired and Hessian filtered) parameters within the index lesion.

Prostate MRI based on PI-RADS version 2: how we review and report.

Prostate imaging and interpretation is based on prostate imaging reporting and data system version 2 (PI-RADS™ v2) providing clinical guidelines for multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) of the prostate. PI-RADS™ v2 aims to promote global standardisation, to diminish variation in the acquisition, interpretation and reporting of prostate mpMRI examinations and to improve detection, localisation, and risk stratification in patients with suspected cancer in treatment naïve prostate glands. It does not address detection of recurrence, progression during active surveillance and evaluation of other parts of the body.