Quasicontinuous Exhaust Scenario for a Fusion Reactor: The Renaissance of Small Edge Localized Modes.

Tokamak operational regimes with small edge localized modes (ELMs) could be a solution to the problem of large transient heat loads in fusion reactors. A ballooning mode near the last closed flux surface governed by the pressure gradient and the magnetic shear there has been proposed for small ELMs. In this Letter, we experimentally investigate several stabilizing effects near the last closed flux surface and present linear ideal simulations that indeed develop ballooninglike fluctuations there and connect them with nonlinear resistive simulations.

Testing the stem dominance hypothesis: meaning analysis of inflected words and prepositional phrases.

We tested the hypothesis that lexical-semantic access of inflected words is governed by the word stem. Object drawings overlaid with a dot/arrow marking position/movement were matched with corresponding linguistic expressions like "from the house". To test whether the stem dominates lexical-semantic access irrespective of its position, we used Swedish prepositional phrases (locative information via preposition immediately preceding the stem) or Finnish case-inflected words (locative information via suffix immediately following the stem).

Phase II study of gemcitabine and bevacizumab as first-line treatment in taxane-pretreated, HER2-negative, locally recurrent or metastatic breast cancer.

Background: In first-line treatment of metastatic breast cancer, the best use of the available therapeutic agents is unclear. This study evaluated the efficacy and safety of combined therapy with bevacizumab and gemcitabine.

Patients: Women who were to undergo first-line treatment for locoregionally recurrent or metastatic breast cancer were eligible.

Phase II evaluation of early oral estramustine, oral etoposide, and intravenous paclitaxel combined with hormonal therapy in patients with high-risk metastatic prostate adenocarcinoma: Southwest Oncology Group S0032.

Objectives: To assess the efficacy of a multiagent taxane-based chemotherapy combined with hormonal therapy in men with metastatic androgen-dependent prostate cancer in a multicenter, cooperative group, single-arm trial.

Methods: A total of 41 patients with newly diagnosed metastatic prostate cancer involving both the axial and the appendicular skeletons or viscera were enrolled. Of the 41 patients, 35 were treated with combined androgen blockade and ≤4 cycles of oral estramustine (280 mg orally 3 times daily) and etoposide (50 mg/m(2) daily) for 14 days of each 21-day cycle, with paclitaxel (135 mg/m(2) intravenously within 1 hour) on day 2 of each cycle.

L1 effects on the processing of inflected nouns in L2.

This study investigated the effect of L1 on the recognition of L2 Swedish inflected nouns. Two groups of late L2 learners with typologically very different native languages, Hungarian (agglutinative) and Chinese (isolating), participated in a visual lexical decision experiment. The target words were matched inflected vs.

Degree of hypomyelination and magnetic resonance spectroscopy findings in patients with Pelizaeus Merzbacher phenotype.

As only 10 - 30 % of patients with a Pelizaeus Merzbacher disease (PMD) phenotype carry mutations of the proteolipid protein (PLP) gene, we were interested if the degree and time-dependent progression of abnormal MRI and MRS findings would discriminate patients with mutations of the PLP gene (Pelizaeus Merzbacher disease, PMD) from patients without a defect of the PLP gene (Pelizaeus Merzbacher-like disease, PMLD). For a standardised intraindividual follow-up and for comparison of the degree of hypomyelination, we have applied a newly developed semiquantitative myelination score on a total of 18 MRI series of 4 PMD and 4 PMLD patients. We found severe hypomyelination (< 50 % of normal) in 2 PMD and in 2 PMLD patients, moderate hypomyelination (< 75 % of normal) in 2 PMD and mild hypomyelination (> 75 % of normal) in 2 PMLD patients.

Oral beta-hydroxybutyrate supplementation in two patients with hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia: monitoring of beta-hydroxybutyrate levels in blood and cerebrospinal fluid, and in the brain by in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

In persistent hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia of infancy, ketone body concentrations are abnormally low at times of hypoglycemia, depriving the brain of its most important alternative fuel. The neuroprotective effect of endogenous ketone bodies is evidenced by animal and human studies, but knowledge about exogenous supply is limited. Assuming that exogenous ketone body compounds as a dietetic food might replace this alternative energy source for the brain, we have monitored the fate of orally supplemented DL sodium beta-hydroxybutyrate (beta-OHB) in two 6-mo-old infants with persistent hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia for 5 and 7 mo, while on frequent tube-feedings and treatment with octreotide.

[Hypericum and phototherapy].

A sunlight deficiency, as is experienced at our latitude in winter, induces a seasonal affective disorder (SAD) or winter depression in some people. First line of treatment of this form of depression is bright-light therapy, as a type of substitution therapy. SAD is treated with similar success using antidepressant drugs like hypericum (St.

Comparison of equivalence between the St. John's wort extract LoHyp-57 and fluoxetine.

In a randomised double-blind comparative trial, the antidepressant efficacy of a daily dose of 800 mg of the St. John's wort extract LoHyp-57 (dry extract of St. John's wort, drug extrakt ratio 5-7:1, solvent, ethanol 60% [w/w]) was shown to be equivalent to that of 20 mg fluoxetine (CAS 54910-89-3) in elderly patients with mild or moderate depressive episodes according to ICD 10 (International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems).

High-dose busulfan, melphalan and thiotepa followed by autologous peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) rescue in patients with advanced stage III/IV ovarian cancer.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of high-dose chemotherapy (HDC) with busulfan, melphalan and thiotepa (BUMELTT) followed by autologous PBSC infusion in treating patients with advanced ovarian cancer. Thirty-one patients, 18 with stage III/IIIc and 13 with stage IV ovarian cancer, were treated with BU (12 mg/kg), MEL (100 mg/m2) and TT (500 mg/m2) and autologous PBSC rescue. Fifteen patients were in clinical complete remission (CR) at treatment; 11 had platinum-sensitive disease.

[Treatment of depressive symptoms with a high concentration hypericum preparation. A multicenter placebo-controlled double-blind study].

In a multicenter, placebo-controlled double-blind trial, the effect on depression (ICD 10 F 32.1) of treatment with an innovative highly concentrated hypericum preparation was investigated. The study contained 97 outpatients who received 100 to 120 mg of the hypericum extract bid.

Placebo-controlled double-blind study examining the effectiveness of an hypericum preparation in 105 mildly depressed patients.

One hundred and five outpatients with mild depressions of short duration were treated in a double-blind study with either 3 x 300 mg hypericum extract or placebo. The therapy phase was 4 weeks. The effectiveness was judged according to the Hamilton Depression Scale after 2 and 4 weeks.

Clinical investigation of the antidepressant effectiveness of hypericum.

To date, 25 controlled therapy studies have investigated the antidepressive effectiveness of hypericum extracts. A total of 1592 treatment cases have been included. The dosage was typically 300 to 900 mg total extract daily; the therapy duration was 2 to 6 weeks.

Effectiveness and tolerance of the hypericum extract LI 160 compared to maprotiline: a multicenter double-blind study.

A randomized, double-blind study examining the effectiveness and tolerance of a standardized hypericum preparation when compared to maprotiline was performed in a group of 102 patients with depression, in accordance with ICD-10, F 32.1. The study was conducted in the offices of neurology and psychiatry specialists.

Treatment of mild/moderate depressions with Hypericum.

105 out-patients with neurotic depressions or depressive irritations of short duration were treated in a double-blind study either with 3 × 300 mg Hypericum extract or placebo. The therapy phase was four weeks. The effectiveness was judged according to the Hamilton Depression Scale after two and four weeks.

[The usefulness of event-related negativity in demonstrating the therapeutic effects of nootropic drugs using cerebrolysin as an example].

This study investigated the usefulness of the Contingent Negative Variation (CNV) in the assessment of therapeutic efficacy of a nootropic substance, Cerebrolysin. A total of 41 geriatric patients with the diagnosis of moderate organic brain syndrome of different etiology were included in this randomized placebo-controlled double-blind study. After ten Cerebrolysin- plus multi-vitamins-Infusions, the treatment group of 27 patients showed a significant CNV-amplitude increase as compared to pre-treatment values.

A multidimensional approach in testing nootropic drug effects (Cerebrolysin).

In an attempt to improve indicators of validity for the therapeutic efficacy of nootropics, the effects of Cerebrolysin(R) were compared across three different dimensions of variables in a randomized placebo-controlled double-blind study. A group of 27 geriatric patients suffering from an organic brain syndrome with moderate cognitive impairment of a vascular or/and degenerative nature received a series of ten Cerebrolysin + multivitamin infusions. They were compared to a second group with 14 clinically comparable patients, who received multivitamin infusions alone.

Contingent negative variation (CNV) differences between cerebrovascular patients with and without dementia.

This study investigated the clinical usefulness of the contingent negative variation (CNV) as a neurophysiological index of cognitive dysfunction associated with cerebrovascular disease. A total of 31 patients ranging in age from 45 to 88 years with the diagnosis of a stroke were included. Nineteen patients were classified as demented according to clinical assessment and the Mental Deterioration Index (MDI) based on the WAIS, the other 12 patients as non-demented.

[Disorders of the neurotransmitter system in multiple sclerosis--possibilities for a therapeutic approach?].

The type and extent of neurological deficits in multiple sclerosis depends on the localisation and size of the lesion and the type of neuropathological pattern of the lesion. The elective demyelinating process (loss of myeline sheath without axonal damage) brings, about a showing and faulty conduction of impulses and thereby a disturbed processing of information. It can finally come to a total (functional, reversible) conduction blockage.