Characteristics of Adolescents' and Young Adults' Exposure to and Engagement with Nicotine and Tobacco Product Content on Social Media.

To inform policy and messaging, this study examined characteristics of adolescents' and young adults' (AYAs') exposure to and engagement with nicotine and tobacco product (NTP) social media (SM) content. In this cross-sectional survey study, AYAs aged 13-26 (=1,163) reported current NTP use, SM use frequency, and exposure to and engagement with SM content promoting and opposing NTP use (i.e.

Causal inference in tobacco research: a public health challenge.

Causal inference represents a rapidly expanding interdisciplinary subfield that involves various assumptions, study designs, and estimation strategies, allowing researchers to establish causal relationships from both clinical trials and observational data. In tobacco research, numerous studies address causal questions, including the contentious issue of whether vaping in nonsmoking youth leads to smoking initiation, known as the "gateway effect." Determining the effectiveness and safety of many health interventions will continue to rely on observational [mainly longitudinal] data because randomized trials are not always feasible, ethical, or timely.

Measuring vaping-related expectancies in young adults: Psychometric evaluation of the Electronic Nicotine Vaping Outcomes (ENVO) scale.

Objective: Electronic cigarettes are the most commonly used tobacco products by young adults. Measures of beliefs about outcomes of use (i.e.

Identifying prospective subpopulations of combustible and electronic cigarette dual users in the United States via finite mixture modeling.

Aims: To identify subpopulations of dual users of combustible and electronic cigarettes using current smoking and vaping behaviors.

Design: Secondary analysis of baseline data from a randomized controlled trial testing a smoking cessation intervention for dual users. Finite mixture modeling of frequency, quantity, and dependence on combustible and electronic cigarettes was used to identify classes.

Emotion dysregulation, transdiagnostic vulnerabilities, and e-cigarette expectancies in a young adult sample.

Objective: Use of e-cigarettes is more common among youth with psychological distress. Negative affect reduction outcome expectancies (beliefs about ability of a product to reduce unpleasant emotional states) and emotional transdiagnostic vulnerabilities (maladaptive responses to emotional states common to multiple forms of emotional psychopathology) are both positively related to tobacco susceptibility and use. However, it is unclear if expectancies mediate the effects between emotional issues and use.

Disparities across Diverse Populations in the Health and Treatment of Patients with Osteoarthritis.

The study of disparities across diverse populations regarding the health and treatment of patients with osteoarthritis (OA) is recognized as a priority for investigation and action by the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) and the American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons (AAOS). OA is a common condition that increases with age, but with prevalence generally similar across racial and ethnic groups. However, disparities in the treatment of OA among racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic groups are well-documented and continue to rise and persist.

Dripping Technology Use Among Young Adult E-Cigarette Users.

Background: Young adults are increasingly using electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS). The standard ENDS device involves an electric coil that heats a wick to vaporize an e-liquid solution. "Dripping" is another method that involves applying e-liquid directly to the coil.

Preservice teachers' perceptions of learning environments before and after pandemic-related course disruption.

When the 2020 semester began in the USA in January, it was unimaginable that the near-total closure of educational system across the globe would become the new normal. To mitigate the spread of the COVID-19 virus, teaching faculty hastily converted to an online learning environment in order for instruction to continue. This mixed-methods study used the What Is Happening In this Class? (WIHIC) questionnaire and analysis of student course evaluations to explore changes in student perceptions of learning environments from before to after the switch to remote learning because of the pandemic.

Targeted smoking cessation for dual users of combustible and electronic cigarettes: a randomised controlled trial.

Background: Although many smokers use electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) to quit smoking, most continue to smoke while vaping. This dual use might delay cessation and increase toxicant exposure. We aimed to test the efficacy of a self-help intervention designed to help dual users to quit smoking.

Development of a Risk Behavior Diagnosis Scale for E-cigarette Use.

Adolescent use of electronic cigarettes has risen dramatically, prompting concerns about the health effects. There is need for brief measures to assess adolescents' perceived threat and efficacy related to e-cigarette use and cessation. A 12-item Likert-type scale was modeled after the Risk Behavior Diagnosis Scale and designed to assess threat (ie, severity and susceptibility of threat) and efficacy (ie, self-efficacy and response efficacy) as they relate to e-cigarette use.

Development of a Self-Help Smoking Cessation Intervention for Dual Users of Tobacco Cigarettes and E-Cigarettes.

Most users of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) report initiating use to quit combustible cigarettes. Nevertheless, high levels of dual use (i.e.

Rethink Vape: Development and evaluation of a risk communication campaign to prevent youth E-cigarette use.

Introduction: E-cigarettes are now the most common form of tobacco use among adolescents, and use is associated with increased risk of initiation of cigarette smoking. This project used a community-engaged research process to develop and pilot a risk communication campaign to prevent youth vaping.

Method: The research team worked with a 36-member Teen Advisory Council and a 19-member Expert Panel.

Vaping, smartphones, and social media use among young adults: Snapchat is the platform of choice for young adult vapers.

Background: Tobacco use often begins or stabilizes in young adulthood. Approximately 90% of young adults use social media and over 80% own a smartphone. Retailers of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) have targeted smartphones and social media with adverting campaigns.

Vaping Expectancies: A Qualitative Study among Young Adult , Smokers, , and Dual Users.

Background: "Expectancies," or beliefs about outcomes, robustly correlate with and predict several behaviors including electronic nicotine delivery system ("e-cigarette") use. However, there is limited qualitative research available regarding relevant e-cigarette vaping expectancies.

Objectives: The present study used a qualitative approach to derive and refine e-cigarette expectancy themes among young adults.

Youth and Adult Arrests for Cannabis Possession After Decriminalization and Legalization of Cannabis.

Importance: Civil liberty advocates typically support legalization of cannabis, which targets adult use, rather than decriminalization, which can affect both adults and youths. However, it is unknown how arrests of youths for cannabis possession change when adult use of cannabis is legalized.

Objective: To model changes in arrest rates of adults and youths after decriminalization and legalization of cannabis.

How Does Smoking and Nicotine Dependence Change After Onset of Vaping? A Retrospective Analysis of Dual Users.

Introduction: Although some smokers switch to exclusive use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes), others become dual users of combustible cigarettes and e-cigarettes. Little is known about how the onset of vaping affects the use of and dependence on combustible cigarettes or total nicotine use and dependence, which may influence health-related and cessation outcomes. Using self-report data of current combustible and e-cigarette use and retrospective recall of pre-vaping smoking in a sample of dual users, the aims of this study were (1) to compare pre- and post-vaping number of cigarettes per day and combustible cigarette dependence; (2) to compare pre- and post-vaping total nicotine use frequency (number of vaping sessions and cigarettes smoked per day), and total nicotine dependence; and (3) to examine predictors of nicotine dependence.

Investigating the role of expectancy in caffeine withdrawal using the balanced placebo design.

Objective: This study investigated psychological influences on drug withdrawal symptomatology using a caffeine-based model.

Methods: Using the 2 × 2 balanced placebo design caffeine dose (given caffeinated vs decaffeinated coffee) was crossed with dose expectancy (told caffeine vs. decaf) among 87 (16-hr abstinent) regular coffee consumers in a 2-day study.

Longitudinal Analysis of Associations Between Reasons for Electronic Cigarette Use and Change in Smoking Status Among Adults in the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study.

Introduction: Electronic cigarette (ECIG) use and changes in cigarette smoking status may be influenced by self-reported reasons for using ECIGs.

Methods: We analyzed adult current and former cigarette smokers who were also current or former ECIG users at wave 1 (n = 3044) using wave 1 and wave 2 Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study data (2013-2015). Prevalence of reporting 13 reasons for ECIG use at wave 1 was examined and weighted logistic regressions were conducted predicting smoking status changes from wave 1 to wave 2.

Vaping characteristics and expectancies are associated with smoking cessation propensity among dual users of combustible and electronic cigarettes.

Background And Aims: Most e-cigarette users who also smoke combustible cigarettes (dual users) begin vaping to quit smoking, yet only a subset succeeds. We hypothesized that reinforcing characteristics of e-cigarettes (vaping reinforcement) would positively predict smoking cessation propensity (SCP) among dual users.

Design: Secondary analysis of cross-sectional baseline data from dual users in an ongoing smoking cessation trial.