The divergence of science and simplicity in radiation protection.

Several issues are discussed which are fundamental to the formulation of radiation protection standards: (1) the biological effectiveness of different radiations, (2) estimation of risks when different tissues or organs are irradiated, and (3) the models to be used when extrapolating estimated risks from high doses (and high dose rates) to low and very low doses and dose rates. The controversies regarding these issues are reviewed. Modifications to regulatory strategies and dose calculation methodology are suggested that may lessen the differences of opinion regarding these issues.