Characterization and evaluation of monoclonal antibodies developed for typing influenza A and influenza B viruses.

Monoclonal antibodies that are broadly reactive with influenza A or influenza B viruses were produced as stable reagents for typing influenza viruses. Monoclonal antibodies to influenza A were specific for either matrix protein or nucleoprotein. The antibodies to influenza B were specific for nucleoprotein or hemagglutinin protein.

Endurance capacity of untrained males and females in isometric and dynamic muscular contractions.

The capacity to perform isometric and dynamic muscle contractions at different forces has been measured in two separate groups of subjects: 25 men and 25 women performed sustained isometric contractions of the knee-extensor muscles of their stronger leg to fatigue, at forces corresponding to 80%, 50% and 20% of the maximum voluntary force of contraction (MVC). The second experimental model involved a bilateral elbow-flexion weight lifting exercise. Eleven women and 12 men performed repetitions at loads corresponding to 90%, 80%, 70%, 60% and 50% of maximum load (1RM), at a rate of 10 X min-1 to the point of fatigue.

The relationship between muscle myosin ATP-ase activity and isometric endurance in untrained male subjects.

The influence of variations in muscle fibre composition on isometric endurance capacity was measured in 23 young healthy untrained male volunteers. After determination of the maximum voluntary force of contraction (MVC), subjects sustained to fatigue contractions at forces of 80%, 50% and 20% of MVC with a 5-min rest between each. A needle biopsy was obtained from m.

Intranasally applied recombinant leukocyte A interferon in normal volunteers. II. Determination of minimal effective and tolerable dose.

In an attempt to find a dose of recombinant leukocyte A interferon (rIFN-alpha A) that is both efficacious against rhinovirus challenge and is tolerable, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies were performed; 56 normal volunteers received either placebo or one of two relatively small doses of rIFN-alpha A (i.e., 2.

Isolation of Yersinia enterocolitica and related species from porcine samples obtained from an abattoir.

Swabs of swine carcasses and samples of porcine tongue and trim obtained from an abattoir were examined for the presence of Yersinia enterocolitica and related species (Y. intermedia, Y. kristensenii and Y.

Cytokine-stimulated human natural killer cytotoxicity: response to rotavirus-infected cells.

The ability of rotavirus-infected cells to stimulate leukocytes to release a cytokine which enhanced the subsequent leukocyte cytotoxicity to a second set of [51Cr] labeled rotavirus-infected cells was analyzed. Human interferon increased leukocyte cytotoxicity to Simian rotavirus (SA-11)-infected target cells. Similarly, 11 of 12 supernates of SA-11-stimulated peripheral blood leukocyte cultures increased the killing of SA-11-infected cells (P less than 0.

Efficacy and tolerance of intranasally applied recombinant leukocyte A interferon in normal volunteers.

The prophylactic effect of recombinant leukocyte A interferon (rIFN-alpha A) (dosage, 10 X 10(6) units per day for four days) against illness and infection in 26 volunteers challenged with rhinovirus type 13 was measured in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Significant reductions in illness frequency (7.1% vs 66.

Sensitive enzyme immunoassay with beta-D-galactosidase-Fab conjugate for detection of type A influenza virus antigen in clinical specimens.

The most sensitive method for diagnosis of type A influenza virus infection is isolation of the agent in cell culture. However, detection and identification may require several days to complete. This delay in diagnosis prevents effective use of the antiviral agents available for treatment of type A influenza infection.

Human neonatal leukocyte interferon production and natural killer cytotoxicity in response to herpes simplex virus.

Human neonates are susceptible to severe herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection; however, the immunologic mechanisms explaining this lack of resistance remain to be defined. The ability of leukocytes from adults and neonates to produce interferon (IFN) in response to HSV challenge and to destroy HSV infected cells in the absence of antibody, termed natural killer cytotoxicity (NKC), were compared. The NKC activity of leukocytes from neonates (13.

Evidence of interferon production in the hamster lung after primary or secondary exposure to parainfluenza virus type 3.

Experimental infection of the hamster respiratory tract with parainfluenza virus type 3 has been used to study the pathogenesis of viral pneumonia and the host response to infection. In this study, hamsters inoculated intranasally with parainfluenza virus type 3 produced local interferon, which was detected in lung washes obtained by in situ lavage. Interferon activity was present as early as 2 days after infection, and titers correlated directly with the quantity of virus recovered in lung washes.

Prophylactic effect of low doses of human leukocyte interferon against infection with rhinovirus.

The prophylactic effect of low doses of human leukocyte interferon (HuIFN-alpha) against infection with rhinovirus was measured in double-blind, placebo-controlled studies with volunteer subjects. An antihistamine (chlorpheniramine) was given before administration of single or multiple doses of HuIFN-alpha but saturated cotton pledget or by aerosol; volunteers were then challenged with rhinovirus. When the results for all groups were combined, a lower frequency of respiratory illness was demonstrated in the HuIFN-alpha-treated volunteers (20 of 39 vs.

Aminopeptidase profiles of four species of phytophthora.

Phytophthora palmivora, P. cinnamomi, P. drechsleri, and P.

Decomposition of standing dead trees in the southern Appalachian Mountains.

Decomposition of standing dead trees that were killed by fire was examined for 10 species in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. The decrease in wood density as fire age increased was used to estimate decomposition rates. Quercus prinus had the fastest decay rate (11% yr) while Pinus virginiana had the slowest decay rate (3.

Enzyme immunoassay for direct detection of influenza type A and adenovirus antigens in clinical specimens.

Detection of viral antigens in specimens without prior cultivation in cell culture provides the most rapid method for specific viral diagnosis. A solid-phase, double-antibody enzyme immunoassay was developed for this purpose and tested with clinical specimens containing influenza type A and adenovirus. Polystyrene microtiter wells were the solid phase and were coated with virus-specific guinea pig immunoglobulins.

Trials of interferon in respiratory infections in man.

It is not yet clear from these recent volunteer studies (8) and from the results of Merigan et al. (14) what the optimal method and schedule for administering HuIFN should be. Taken together, the results with relatively low doses of interferon (1 to 4 X 10(6) units) plus antihistamine pretreatment, and with multiple doses of HuIFN alpha (total 14 X 10(6) units) indicate the need for better methods of delivery.

Leukocyte interferon-induced tumor regression in human metastatic breast cancer, multiple myeloma, and malignant lymphoma.

Thirty-eight patients with advanced breast cancer, multiple myeloma, and malignant lymphoma were treated with partially purified (about 0.1%) leukocyte interferon. Patients were treated with a remission-induction schedule of 3 million to 9 million antiviral units daily intramuscularly for 4 to 26 weeks.

The Barron Ego Strength Scale: a study of personality correlates among normals.

Although the Barron Ego Strength Scale (BESS) often has been shown to differentiate between the presence or absence of psychopathology, the exact construct measured as Ego Strength is little understood. This study related the BESS to the 15 personality needs of the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule, the Tolerance Scale of the California Psychological Inventory, and the Practical Outlook Scale of the Omnibus Personality Inventory. Ss were 80 normal adult women, recruited individually from the community.

Detection of adenovirus by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

A solid-phase direct enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed for the detection of adenovirus antigen in extracts of infected cells by using antihexon serum. Results with simulated clinical specimens consisting of normal nasal wash specimens seeded with varying concentrations of adenovirus type 5 showed that antigen could be detected in extracts of HEp-2 cell cultures inoculated with 10(2.5) 50% tissue culture infective doses (TCID50) and 10(1.

Antiviral activity of intranasally applied human leukocyte interferon.

Previous studies in our laboratory have demonstrated that the development of antiviral activity of human leukocyte interferon (IF) in nasal epithelial cells is time and concentration dependent and that the loss of intranasally applied human leukocyte IF is rapid. The present studies compared the activity of IF applied intranasally either by nasal drops or by a saturated cotton pledget. Adult volunteers had IF applied to an area of nasal mucosa (2 by 2 cm(2)) either by repeated nose drops or by a saturated cotton pledget that was applied to the nasal mucosa and left in place for 1 h.

Human nasal epithelial cell culture system: evaluation of response to human interferons.

This report describes the response of human nasal epithelial cells to exogenously applied human interferon (IF). To measure the response, a system developed to study human nasal epithelial cells in vitro was used. Nasal epithelial cells responded equally to both leukocyte and fibroblast IF, with development of resistance to virus replication that was time and dose dependent.

Activity of exogenous interferon in the human nasal mucosa.

The activity of exogenous human leukocyte IF has been studied in the human nasal mucosa and factors have been sought that would enhance its potential for clinical usefulness. Experiments have been performed which indicate that the nasal epithelial cells do respond to exogenous IF. In vivo dose requirements may be high because of mucociliary clearance mechanisms and because of the time and dose requirement for full antiviral activity.