Neuropeptide S facilitates extinction of fear via modulation of mesolimbic dopaminergic circuitry.

The inability to extinguish learned fear is a hallmark of trauma- and stress-related disorders. A form of inhibitory learning called fear extinction is an effective way to treat these disorders. However, the neurobiology of fear extinction has not been clarified.

ZYKR1, a novel, potent, and peripherally selective kappa opioid receptor agonist reduces visceral pain and pruritus in animal models.

Opioid receptor agonists are effective analgesic agents. Central activation of the mu and/or kappa opioid receptors (KOR) is associated with CNS side effects, which limits their effectiveness. Recent studies indicated that peripherally restricted, selective KOR agonists were potent analgesics and devoid of CNS-related side effects.

Neuroplastic Changes in the Superior Colliculus and Hippocampus in Self-rewarding Paradigm: Importance of Visual Cues.

Coincident excitation via different sensory modalities encoding objects of positive salience is known to facilitate learning and memory. With a view to dissect the contribution of visual cues in inducing adaptive neural changes, we monitored the lever press activity of a rat conditioned to self-administer sweet food pellets in the presence/absence of light cues. Application of light cues facilitated learning and consolidation of long-term memory.

Intracellular mechanisms and behavioral changes in mouse model of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Importance of age-specific NMDA receptor blockade.

Exposure of NMDA receptor antagonists during developmental stages leads to behavioral consequences like attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, the underlying molecular mechanisms have remained poorly understood. Herein, we studied the phosphorylated Akt (pAkt) and caspase-3, the key regulators of neuronal cell survival/death, as the probable downstream targets of MK-801 often used to engender ADHD-like condition.