A strategic review on the involvement of receptors, transcription factors and hormones in acne pathogenesis.

Acne vulgaris is a very common pilosebaceous inflammatory disease occurring primarily on the face and also rare on the upper arms, trunk, and back, which is caused by , and other species. Pathophysiology of acne comprises of irregular keratinocyte proliferation, differentiation, increased sebum output, bacterial antigens and cytokines induced inflammatory response. Treatment of acne requires proper knowledge on the pathophysiology then only the clinician can come out with a proper therapeutic dosage regimen.

Chronopharmacokinetic Evaluation of Budesonide Multiparticulate Systems.

Background: Poor oral absorption of budesonide limits the design of its solid oral dosage form. With this context, multiparticulate pulsatile system of budesonide for chronotherapy of nocturnal asthma was aimed in this study.

Methods: Initially, solid dispersions of budesonide (BD) using sodium starch glycolate (SSG) and guar gum (GG) were developed and characterized.

Process, Physicochemical Characterization and Assessment of Albendazole Microcrystals.

Albendazole is a poorly soluble drug which limits its oral bioavailability. The study was focussed to enhance the solubility by in-situ micronization. Albendazole microcrystals were prepared by solvent change method using gum karaya and hupu gum as stabilizing agents and the effect of each stabilizer on the prepared microcrystals were studied.

In vitro characterization studies of self-microemulsified bosentan systems.

Context: Bosentan is a poorly soluble drug and pose challenges in designing of drug delivery systems.

Objective: The objective of this study is to enhance the solubility, dissolution and shelf-life of bosentan by formulating it as S-SMEDDS capsules.

Materials And Methods: Solubility of bosentan was tested in various liquid vehicles such as oils (rice bran and sunflower), surfactants (span 20 and tween 80) and co-surfactants (PEG 400 and propylene glycol) and microemulsions were developed.

Microemulsions based transdermal drug delivery systems.

Since the discovery of microemulsions by Jack H Schulman, there has been huge progress made in applying microemulsion systems in plethora of research and industrial process. Microemulsions are optically isotropic systems consisting of water, oil and amphiphile. These systems are beneficial due to their thermodynamic stability, optical clarity, ease of preparation, higher diffusion and absorption rates.

A perspective overview on lipospheres as lipid carrier systems.

Both hydrophilic and lipophilic therapeutics can be delivered successfully into deep and peripheral tissues such as cerebrospinal fluid and central nervous system by encapsulating them with crystalline lipids as lipospheres. The advent of lipospheres was meant to deliver both therapeutic moieties with enhanced efficacy and added stability to reach out intended tissue areas. Although extensive information is available on physicochemical, analytical and biopharmaceutical aspects of lipospheres, there was no specific order pertaining to critical composition and rationale of component selection available for academic and pilot scale processing of lipospheres.

Formulation and pharmacodynamic evaluation of glibenclamide incorporated niosomal gel.

Objective: The research aims to formulate and develop the controlled release profile of glibenclamide by encapsulating glibenclamide into niosomes followed by incorporation into an aqueous gel base.

Materials And Methods: Glibenclamide incorporated niosomes were prepared by a modified ether injection technique using Span 20/Span 80 and cholesterol. The prepared niosomes were evaluated for chemical incompatibility by FT-IR, morphology, vesicle dimension, encapsulation efficiency, in-vitro diffusion and drug release kinetics.

Solid self microemulsification of Atorvastatin using hydrophilic carriers: a design.

Context: Atorvastatin has a limited advantage to formulate oral dosage forms.

Objective: To enhance the solubility of Atorvastatin and to design the suitable solid self-microemulsifying drug delivery systems (S-SMEDDS) Materials and methods: The clear and transparent self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) were formulated using coconut oil and isopropyl myristate as lipid phases; Tween 80 as surfactant; PEG 400 and glycerin as co-surfactant at 2:1, 3:1, 1:2 and 1:3 ratio. The pseudo ternary phase diagrams were constructed to identify the microemulsion region.

Cubosomes as targeted drug delivery systems - a biopharmaceutical approach.

Cubosomes are reversed bicontinuous cubic phases and possess unique physicochemical properties. These special systems are receiving much attention for the delivery of various hydrophilic, hydrophobic and amphiphilic drugs with enhanced bioavailability and high loading capacity. A wide variety of drugs are applicable for cubosome formulation for various routes of delivery.

Assessment of hupu gum for its carrier property in the design and evaluation of solid mixtures of poorly water soluble drug - rofecoxib.

There are no reports about the pharmaceutical applications of hupu gum (HG). Hence the present study was undertaken to test its suitability in the dissolution enhancement of poorly water soluble drug. Rofecoxib (RFB) was taken as model drug.

In vitro and in vivo assessment of piroxicam incorporated Aloe vera transgel.

Background: The aim of the study was to develop piroxicam-Aloe vera gel (PAG) formulation and make a pharmacodynamic evaluation of the formulation.

Materials And Methods: The gel was prepared by using carbopol 934 as gelling agent and methyl paraben as a preservative in an Aloe vera gel base. The formulated gel was also evaluated for physicochemical parameters like pH, viscosity, drug content, and in vitro diffusion assessment.

In-vitro assessment and pharmacodynamics of nimesulide incorporated Aloe vera transemulgel.

The aim of the investigation was to prepare nimesulide emulsion for incorporation in Aloe vera gel base to formulate 'nimesulide - Aloe vera transemulgel' (NAE) and to carryout in-vitro assessment and in-vivo anti-inflammatory studies of the product. Although the use of nimesulide is banned for oral administration, due to its potential for inducing hepatotoxicity and thrombocytopenia, the use of nimesulide for topical delivery is prominent in the treatment of many inflammatory conditions including rheumatoid arthritis. The drug loading capacity of transdermal gels is low for hydrophobic drugs such as nimesulide.

Modified pulsincap of ibuprofen--a novel approach for chronotherapy.

The aim of the present work was to develop colon specific drug delivery system for ibuprofen using natural polymers as carriers. We have investigated colon specific, pulsatile device to achieve time and site specific release of ibuprofen based on chronopharmaceutical considerations. The basic design consists of an insoluble hard gelatin capsule body, filled with ibuprofen surface solid dispersions and sealed with guar gum hydrogel plug.

Receptors and ligands role in colon physiology and pathology.

Colonic diseases are more prevalent during the past decade. Colorectal cancer, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, diverticulitis, irritable bowel syndrome are the major reported colonic diseases. Innovative strategies are defensible in order to advance the efficacy of colonic disease treatment.

Anatomical, biochemical and physiological considerations of the colon in design and development of novel drug delivery systems.

The colon is composed of four distinct layers such as serosa, muscularis externa, sub mucosa and mucosa. There exists a difference in the anatomy, neural and blood supply and absorption characteristics as the length of the colon is traversed. At birth the mucosal surface of the colon is similar to that of the small intestine but rapid changes occur with the loss of the villi leaving flat mucosa with deep crypts.