Identification, diversity and domain structure analysis of mucin and mucin-like genes in sea anemone .

Background: Mucins are part of the glycoprotein family and the main proteinaceous component of mucus. The sea anemone species, (Phylum Cnidaria) produce large amounts of mucus, which have not been studied in detail. Furthermore, there has only been limited investigation of mucin genes in phylum Cnidaria.

High-Protein Concentrated Pro-Yogurt (Pro-WPI) Enriched With Whey Protein Isolate Improved Athletic Anemia and Performance in a Placebo-Controlled Study.

Upcoming developments are attracting attention to both high-protein and probiotics supplementation for the sports community to promote good health and exercise performance. This study aimed at the production of high-protein concentrated pro-yogurt (Pro-WPI) enriched with 10 and 20% whey protein isolate (WPI) and investigation of the response of daily consumption on anthropometric, hematology parameters, and athletic performance in parallel with safety consideration assessment. Twenty-four athletes (19.

Therapeutic efficacy of chloroquine against uncomplicated, Plasmodium falciparum malaria in south-western Saudi Arabia.

The results of annual random screening indicated that Plasmodium falciparum strains showing chloroquine (CQ) resistance in vitro became increasingly common in the Jazan region of south-western Saudi Arabia between 1986 and 1998 (chi(2) for trend = 50.027; P < 0.001).

Cytogenetics of the Anopheles gambiae complex in Sudan, with special reference to An. arabiensis: relationships with East and West African populations.

The species composition of malaria vector mosquitoes belonging to the Anopheles gambiae complex (Diptera: Culicidae) from >40 localities in Sudan, representing most ecological situations, was determined by analysis of ovarian polytene chromosomes. Of 2162 females, 93% were identified as An. arabiensis Patton and 7% were An.

The eradication of poliomyelitis in Egypt: critical factors affecting progress to date.

Poliomyelitis eradication activities in Egypt were reviewed to identify the critical factors for the progress seen by 1995 and to highlight problems that could be avoided in other countries in which poliomyelitis is endemic. National immunization and surveillance data demonstrate that the combination of high routine immunization coverage (>85%) with oral polio vaccine combined with two properly conducted rounds of national immunization days (NIDs) resulted in a 75% reduction in reported polio cases between 1992 and 1993. Available data suggest that earlier control strategies, such as single-round NIDs in 1990 and 1991, the administration of inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) at 2 months of age in 1992-1993, and the use of "mop-up" campaigns while wild poliovirus was still widespread, did not contribute substantially to the recent decline in cases.

Field study of different oxamniquine dose for Schistosoma mansoni in Gezira, Sudan.

Two hundred and ninety-six individuals of whom 126 were children and 170 adults with positive stool for Schistosoma mansoni were randomly given oxamniquine treatment in a dose of either 20, 40 or 60 mg/kg body wt. They were followed in the field for ova excretion at 1, 3 and 6 months for adults and at 1, 3, 6 and 8 months for children. The cure rates in adults at 6 months are 93%, 87% and 73% for the 60, 40, 20 mg/kg-1 treatments in order.

The impact of the exotic fish Gambusia affinis (Baird and Girard) on some natural predators of immature mosquitoes.

The effects of Gambusia affinis on some suspected predators of mosquitoes were studied for a period of 12 months. A list of such predators was given. The most abundant invertebrate predators were Odonata, followed by Hemiptera and Ephemeroptera and the least common were Coleoptera.

Malaria control in the Gezira-Managil Irrigated Scheme of the Sudan.

The development of malaria control in the Gezira-Managil Irrigated Scheme of Central Sudan has gone through several phases. As a result of agricultural and irrigation practices in the Gezira, falciparum malaria transmission became perennial instead of seasonal and the mosquito vector developed resistance to several insecticides. Subsequent failure to maintain control led to serious epidemics after 1971.

Estimated risks and benefits from introducing Marisa cornuarietis into the Sudan.

As it has been proposed that Marisa cornuarietis, the ampullarid snail from the tropical Americas be used in the Sudan as a biological control agent against schistosomiasis, an estimate was made of the potential ecological hazards which might result from its widespread distribution in the Nile River Valley, and also of the potential benefits. The only foreseeable hazard would result from colonization of rice fields by the ampullarid snail and subsequent crop damage. However calculations on population dynamics indicated that Marisa cornuarietis would not be able to establish significant populations in rice fields in the Nile Valley as the flooded periods are too short.

Survival, growth and reproduction of the imported ampullarid snail Marisa cornuarietis in Central Sudan.

The ampullarid snail Marisa cornuarietis was imported to the Sudan in 1981 for evaluation as a biological control agent against the planorbid snails which transmit human schistosomes. In initial field studies in small protected ponds the generation time of M. cornuarietis was 4 months, as in Puerto Rico.

The food of the larvivorous fish Gambusia affinis (Baird and Girard) and Oreochromis (formerly Tilapia) niloticus (Linnaeus) in Gezira irrigation canals.

The food of both Gambusia affinis and Oreochromis niloticus was studied. Organisms eaten by both species of fish are tabulated, together with the amounts eaten during the various months of the year. G.

The environmental impacts of four insecticides on non-target organisms in the Gezira Irrigation Scheme canals of Sudan.

The toxic effects of the insecticides endosulfan, decamethrin, dimethoate and dursban on the aquatic fauna of some of the Gezira irrigation canals were studied. The animal groups selected were fishes, arthropods and snails. Endosulfan was found to be highly toxic, particularly to Gambusia affinis, under field and laboratory conditions.

Linkage studies on DDT and dieldrin resistance in species A and species B of the Anopheles gambiae complex.

Linkage studies in A. gambiae species A showed that the two autosomal markers diamond (Di) and collarless (c) belonged to different linkage groups: Di on linkage group 2 and c on linkage group 3. With the aid of the two markers it was possible to establish the linkage relationship between the genes for DDT resistance and for the two types of dieldrin resistance.

Inheritance of DDT resistance in species A and B of the Anopheles gambiae complex.

It has been reported that Anopheles gambiae species A is resistant to DDT in Upper Volta and Togo, and DDT resistance has been found in a Sudan strain of species B. The species A strain from Upper Volta was more resistant to DDT than the Togo strain, while the Sudan strain of species B was the least resistant. The expression of resistance is genetically determined, and studies on the mode of inheritance have shown that resistance is inherited as a single dominant gene in the Togo strain of species A and the Sudan strain of species B, but that it is inherited as a single incompletely dominant gene in the Upper Volta strain of species A.

Partial exophily of Anopheles gambiae species B in the Khashm Elgirba area in eastern Sudan.

Many Anopheles gambiae were found resting outdoors in an area that had been sprayed with DDT, the numbers being particularly large 4 months after the first annual spraying cycle. A high proportion of the resting females had consumed a blood meal. Window-trap studies showed that a marked exodus from sprayed huts occurred in the morning.