Substance Use Treatment Utilization Among Individuals With Substance Use Disorders in the United States During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Findings on the Role of Polysubstance Use, Criminal Justice Involvement, and Mental Illness From the National Survey on Drug Use and Health.

This study used the National Survey on Drug Use and Health to assess a nationally representative sample (N = 4596) weighted to represent 35.2 million adults with DSM-5 criteria-determined substance use disorders (SUDs). This study explored substance use treatment utilization in 2020, emphasizing populations with high vulnerability (e.

Serious Psychological Distress, Substance Use Disorders, and Social Issues Among Men and Women in the United States During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Purpose: This study assesses the association between SUD, economic hardship, gender, and related risk and protective factors on serious psychological distress (SPD) during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Design: Quantitative cross-sectional design.

Setting: National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH).

Medical Cannabis Laws and Adolescent Alcohol Use Initiation.

Background: The effects of medical cannabis laws (MCLs) on adolescent alcohol use remains unclear. Previous literature investigates alcohol consumption rather than alcohol initiation among adolescents, and does not examine the effect by sociodemographic characteristics and state-level dispensary status. We used population representative, state-level data to examine the relationship between MCLs and adolescent alcohol initiation.

Non-engagement in substance use treatment among women with an unmet need for treatment: A latent class analysis on multidimensional barriers.

Background: Women with substance use disorders experience multifaceted barriers in accessing substance use treatment. Little is known about how these barriers may aggregate. Using a person-centered approach, this study evaluates patterns of treatment barriers and the factors associated with experiencing distinct sets of barriers among women.

Methyl-tert-butyl ether (MTBE): integration of rat and mouse carcinogenicity data with mode of action and human and rodent bioassay dosimetry and toxicokinetics indicates MTBE is not a plausible human carcinogen.

Methyl-butyl ether (MTBE) is a fuel oxygenate used in non-United States geographies. Multiple health reviews conclude that MTBE is not a human-relevant carcinogen, and this review provides updated mode of action (MOA), exposure, dosimetry and risk perspectives supporting those conclusions. MTBE is non-genotoxic and has large margins of exposure between blood concentrations at the overall rat 400 ppm inhalation NOAEL and blood concentrations in typical workplace or general population exposures.

Confounders for kidney carcinogenesis in rodent cancer bioassays.

In the long-term safety testing of chemicals for carcinogenicity the toxicologist needs to be aware of a number of scenarios where renal tubule tumors, or their precursors, arise that are not due to a carcinogenic action of the test article. Situations producing false positive results in the kidney include exacerbation of chronic progressive nephropathy (CPN) in rats, confusion of atypical tubule hyperplasia (the obligate precursor of renal tubule tumor) with foci of benign CPN-related renal tubule cell proliferation, inclusion of spontaneous tumor entities, such as the amphophilic-vacuolar tumor, in the test article tumor count, the possibility of a link between spontaneous forms of tubule dilatation and renal tubule tumor formation in mice, and the supposed predictivity of chemically-induced karyomegaly for renal carcinogenicity in both rats and mice. Examples of these misleading situations are described and discussed.

State Medical Marijuana Laws and Initiation of Cigarettes among Adolescents in the U.S., 1991-2015.

Objective: Although cigarette use has declined among adolescents, marijuana use has increased in subgroups of this population. The association between medical marijuana laws (MMLs) and cigarette initiation among adolescents, however, needs further examination. We investigated the association between MMLs and age of cigarette initiation and stratified findings by gender, race/ethnicity, and state dispensary status.

Evaluating the quality of evidence for gaming disorder: A summary of systematic reviews of associations between gaming disorder and depression or anxiety.

Gaming disorder has been described as an urgent public health problem and has garnered many systematic reviews of its associations with other health conditions. However, review methodology can contribute to bias in the conclusions, leading to research, policy, and patient care that are not truly evidence-based. This study followed a pre-registered protocol (PROSPERO 2018 CRD42018090651) with the objective of identifying reliable and methodologically-rigorous systematic reviews that examine the associations between gaming disorder and depression or anxiety in any population.

Renal Papillary Rarefaction: An Artifact Mimicking Papillary Necrosis.

In histopathology, the presence of a tissue change that does not represent the tissue's normal appearance can often lead to an incorrect diagnosis and interpretation. These changes are collectively known as "artifacts" resulting from postmortem autolysis, improper fixation, problems with tissue handling or slide preparation procedures. Most tissue artifacts are obvious, yet some artifacts may be subtle, occur in relatively well-fixed tissue, and demand careful observation to avoid confusion with real biological lesions.

Emergency department visits by patients with an internal medicine specialist: understanding the role of specialists in reducing ED crowding.

As emergency department (ED) crowding continues to worsen, many visits are at academic referral hospitals. As a result, engaging specialty services will be essential to decompressing the ED. To do this, it will be important to understand which specialties to focus interventions on for the greatest impact.

Histopathology re-examination of the NTP toxicity/carcinogenicity studies of tert-butyl alcohol to identify renal tumor and toxicity modes of action.

Tert-butyl alcohol (TBA) targets the rat kidney following repeated exposures, including renal tubule tumors. The mode of action (MOA) of these tumors, concluded by a pathology working group, involves both alpha2u-globulin nephropathy (α2u-gN) and exacerbated chronic progressive nephropathy (CPN), but has been disputed and an undefined MOA proposed. This study further reviews the histology slides of male and female rat kidneys from the NTP drinking water 13-week toxicity and 2-year carcinogenicity studies, including the 15-month interim sacrifice group.

Critical review of renal tubule karyomegaly in non-clinical safety evaluation studies and its significance for human risk assessment.

Scientific databases were searched for terms applicable to karyomegaly in renal tubules of laboratory animals used in preclinical safety evaluation studies, and in humans. Renal tubule karyomegaly was more frequently reported in the rat in response to chemical exposure compared to other laboratory animal species. Renal tubule karyomegaly also occurred in the mouse in response to chemical insult, but much less commonly than in the rat.

Mechanisms of Rodent Renal Carcinogenesis Revisited.

The important renal tumors that can be induced by exposure of rats to chemical carcinogens are renal tubule tumors (RTTs) derived from tubule epithelium; renal pelvic carcinoma derived from the urothelial lining of the pelvis; renal mesenchymal tumors (RMTs) derived from the interstitial connective tissue; and nephroblastoma derived from the metanephric primordia. However, almost all of our knowledge concerning mechanisms of renal carcinogenesis in the rodent pertains to the adenomas and carcinomas originating from renal tubule epithelium. Currently, nine mechanistic pathways can be identified in either the rat or mouse following chemical exposure.

Epithelium Lining Rat Renal Papilla: Nomenclature and Association with Chronic Progressive Nephropathy (CPN).

Chronic progressive nephropathy (CPN) occurs commonly in rats, more frequently and severely in males than females. High-grade CPN is characterized by increased layers of the renal papilla lining, designated as urothelial hyperplasia in the International Harmonization of Nomenclature and Diagnostic Criteria classification. However, urothelium lining the pelvis is not equivalent to the epithelium lining the papilla.

Safety evaluation of DAS-44406-6 soybeans in Wistar rats.

A 90-day in-country feeding trial in Wistar rats was conducted at Tianjin Laboratory in China to assess toxicity of diets containing DAS-44406-6 soybean meal. There were no treatment-related changes observed when compared with the non-GM isoline control groups but histopathologically, 2 of 10 high-dose females were reported to show kidney lesions. However, these findings contrasted with the absence of any treatment-related kidney lesions in 3 separate 90-day toxicity studies previously conducted in Sprague Dawley rats.

A Survey of Mesenchyme-related Tumors of the Rat Kidney in the National Toxicology Program Archives, with Particular Reference to Renal Mesenchymal Tumor.

In order to harmonize diagnostic terminology, confirm diagnostic criteria, and describe aspects of tumor biology characteristic of different tumor types, a total of 165 cases of mesenchyme-related tumors and nephroblastomas of the rat kidney were reexamined from the National Toxicology Program (NTP) Archives. This survey demonstrated that renal mesenchymal tumor (RMT) was the most common spontaneous nonepithelial tumor in the rat kidney, also occurring more frequently in the NTP studies than nephroblastoma. Renal sarcoma was a distinct but very rare tumor entity, representing a malignant, monomorphous population of densely crowded, fibroblast-like cells, in which, unlike RMT, preexisting tubules did not persist.

Renal Tumors in 26-Week Tg.Rash2 Mice Carcinogenicity Studies.

We report renal tubular adenomas and a carcinoma in 26-week Tg.rasH2 mouse carcinogenicity studies, which have not been reported to date either at our facility or in other published data. However, during the year 2014, renal tubular tumors were present in 4 studies conducted at our facility.

Methyl isobutyl ketone exposure-related increases in specific measures of α2u-globulin (α2u) nephropathy in male rats along with in vitro evidence of reversible protein binding.

Chronic exposure to methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) resulted in an increase in the incidence of renal tubule adenomas and occurrence of renal tubule carcinomas in male, but not female Fischer 344 rats. Since a number of chemicals have been shown to cause male rat renal tumors through the α2u nephropathy-mediated mode of action, the objective of this study is to evaluate the ability of MIBK to induce measures of α2u nephropathy including renal cell proliferation in male and female F344 rats following exposure to the same inhalation concentrations used in the National Toxicology Program (NTP) cancer bioassay (0, 450, 900, or 1800ppm). Rats were exposed 6h/day for 1 or 4 weeks and kidneys excised approximately 18h post exposure to evaluate hyaline droplet accumulation (HDA), α2u staining of hyaline droplets, renal cell proliferation, and to quantitate renal α2u concentration.

Spontaneous incidence of oncocytic proliferative lesions in control rat kidney.

The spontaneous incidence of foci of oncocytic proliferation (oncocytic hyperplasia and oncocytoma) was assessed in a histopathological reevaluation of the kidneys of 2,391 male and female Fischer 344 (F344) groups of control rats from long-term carcinogenicity studies (involving 24 chemicals) that had been conducted by the National Toxicology Program. The overall incidence of oncocytic proliferation was 0.3%, with a male preponderance over females at 0.

Neoplasms of the urinary tract in fish.

The veterinary literature contains scattered reports of primary tumors of the urinary tract of fish, dating back to 1906. Many of the more recent reports have been described in association with the Registry of Tumors in Lower Animals, and most of the spontaneous neoplasms of the kidney and urinary bladder are single case reports. In rare instances, such as described in nephroblastomas of Japanese eels and tubular adenomas/adenocarcinomas of Oscars, there is suggestion of a genetic predisposition of certain populations to specific renal neoplasms, environmental carcinogenesis, or potentially an unknown infectious etiology acting as a promoter.

Complex histopathologic response in rat kidney to oral β-myrcene: an unusual dose-related nephrosis and low-dose alpha2u-globulin nephropathy.

Oral gavage studies with β-myrcene in male F344 rats showed a complex renal pathology comprising both alpha2u-globulin (α2u-g) nephropathy, an unusual nephrosis involving the outer stripe of outer medulla (OSOM), and an increased incidence of renal tubule tumors by 2 years. In the 90-day and 2-year studies, respectively, α2u-g nephropathy and linear papillary mineralization were observed in males at the two lower doses but were absent from the high dose. Nephrosis was characterized by dilation of the S3 tubules, nuclear enlargement (including karyomegaly), and luminal pyknotic cells, all in the outermost OSOM.

Spontaneous renal tumors in two rats from a thirteen week rodent feeding study with grain from molecular stacked trait lepidopteran and coleopteran resistant (DP-ØØ4114-3) maize.

A thirteen week feeding study was conducted by feeding young adult male and female Sprague Dawley [Crl:CD®(SD)] rats diets containing grain from genetically modified (GM) DP-ØØ4114-3 maize that was either untreated (4114) or treated in the field with glufosinate ammonium (4114GLU). Control rats were fed diets containing the same concentration of near isogenic, non-GM maize grain (091) or one of three types of commercially available non-GM maize grain. At the end of the in-life phase, renal tubule tumors were reported in two male rats consuming diets containing 4114 maize grain.

Consideration of rat chronic progressive nephropathy in regulatory evaluations for carcinogenicity.

Chronic progressive nephropathy (CPN) is a spontaneous renal disease of rats which can be a serious confounder in toxicology studies. It is a progressive disease with known physiological factors that modify disease progression, such as high dietary protein. The weight of evidence supports an absence of a renal counterpart in humans.