The Recovery of GABAergic Function in the Hippocampus CA1 Region After mTBI.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major public health concern in the USA. There are approximately 2.5 million brain injuries annually, 90% of which may be classified as mild since these individuals do not display clear morphological abnormalities following injury on imaging.

Alpha-Linolenic Acid Treatment Reduces the Contusion and Prevents the Development of Anxiety-Like Behavior Induced by a Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in Rats.

Approximately, 1.7 million Americans suffer a TBI annually and TBI is a major cause of death and disability. The majority of the TBI cases are of the mild type and while most patients recover completely from mild TBI (mTBI) about 10% result in persistent symptoms and some result in lifelong disability.

Porcine skin damage thresholds for 0.6 to 9.5 cm beam diameters from 1070-nm continuous-wave infrared laser radiation.

There is an increasing use of high-power fiber lasers in manufacturing and telecommunications industries operating in the infrared spectrum between 1000 and 2000 nm, which are advertised to provide as much as 10 kW continuous output power at 1070 nm. Safety standards have traditionally been based on experimental and modeling investigations with scant data available for these wavelengths. A series of studies using 1070-nm infrared lasers to determine the minimum visible lesion damage thresholds in skin using the Yucatan miniature pig (Sus scrofa domestica) for a range of beam diameters (0.

Infrared skin damage thresholds from 1319-nm continuous-wave laser exposures.

A series of experiments were conducted in vivo using Yucatan miniature pigs (Sus scrofa domestica) to determine thermal damage thresholds to the skin from 1319-nm continuous-wave Nd:YAG laser irradiation. Experiments employed exposure durations of 0.25, 1.

Aspiration prevention protocol: decreasing postoperative pneumonia in heart surgery patients.

BACKGROUND Postoperative pneumonia contributes to morbidity and mortality in patients who have open heart surgery. OBJECTIVES To determine if measures to reduce aspiration in patients after cardiothoracic surgery would decrease the occurrence of postoperative pneumonia. METHODS All patients undergoing cardiothoracic surgery from April 2008 through October 2008 were prospectively enrolled in the study.

Infrared skin damage thresholds from 1940-nm continuous-wave laser exposures.

A series of experiments are conducted in vivo using Yucatan mini-pigs (Sus scrofa domestica) to determine thermal damage thresholds to the skin from 1940-nm continuous-wave thulium fiber laser irradiation. Experiments employ exposure durations from 10 ms to 10 s and beam diameters of approximately 4.8 to 18 mm.

Ex-CARS: exotic configuration for coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microspectroscopy utilizing two laser sources.

We propose and experimentally demonstrate a new coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering setting, which relies on a coherent excitation of Raman vibration using a broadband ultrashort laser pulse and signal read-out using a conventional continuous wave laser radiation. Such an exotic arrangement does not require any synchronization of two laser sources and can be used for direct comparison of amplitudes of nonlinear and spontaneous Raman signals.

Development of a HTRF kinase assay for determination of Syk activity.

Regulation of protein phosphorylation is a primary cellular signaling mechanism. Many cellular responses to internal and external events are mitigated by protein kinase signaling cascades. Dysfunction of protein kinase activity has been linked to a variety of human pathologies, in the areas of cancer, inflammation, metabolism, cell cycle, apoptosis, as well as cardiovascular, neurodegenerative and autoimmune diseases.

Neuroleptics from the 4a,9b-trans-2,3,4,4a,5,9b-hexahydro-1H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole series. 3. Carboxamidoalkyl derivatives.

Substitution of position 2 of the 4a,9b-trans-2,3,4,4a,5,9b-hexahydro-1H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole nucleus with omega-carboxamidoalkyl substituents leads to compounds with exceedingly potent neuroleptic activity in in vitro and in vivo models. Although duration of activity is not as long as that of the analogous 4-hydroxy-4-(4-fluorophenyl)butyl derivatives reported previously, the absolute potency in vivo is greater. The ability of these compounds to bind with great affinity to dopamine (DA) receptors further defines the nature of the DA receptor auxiliary binding site as a hydrogen-bond donating site in addition to or instead of a lipophilic site as has been previously proposed.

Neuroleptics from the 4a,9b-cis- and 4a,9b-trans-2,3,4,4a,5,9b-hexahydro-1H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole series. 2.

Compounds derived from 4a,9b-trans-2,3,4,4a,5,9b-hexahydro-1H-pyrido[4, 3-b]indole are consistently efficacious in displacing [3H]spiroperidol from striatal dopamine receptors in vitro. Derivatives bearing substituents at position 2, particularly those derived from butyrophenone moieties, are exceptionally potent in vivo. Compounds from the corresponding 4a,9b-cis series are substantially less potent in both in vivo and in vitro assays of neuroleptic activity.

Searching computer databases from your office.

Microcomputers, and a new generation of on-line systems designed for the end-user, now make it possible for physicians to search MEDLINE and a variety of other databases in the convenience of their offices or homes. This article explains some basics of online searching, describes capabilities and options to consider when selecting a system, and identifies hardware and software needed to adapt a micro for online searching. A chart comparing system features and costs, and providing information on where to go for more information is also included.

A cannabinoid derived prototypical analgesic.

The synthesis and analgesic testing of 3-[4-(1,1-dimethylheptyl)-2-hydroxyphenyl]cyclohexanol (1) are described. Prior (SAR) studies led us to conclude that the pyran ring of 9-nor-9 beta-hydroxyhexahydrocannabinol (HHC) was not necessary for the expression of biological activity in this series of cannabinoids. Analysis of models and the use of molecular mechanics calculations suggested that a simpler compound, such as 1, would possess the biological activity of HHC.

Selective and potent analgetics derived from cannabinoids.

Based on the hypothesis that analgetic activity is a dissociable feature of the cannabinoid molecule, we examined modifications of the side chain, the phenolic moiety, and, most significantly, structures that lack the benzopyran functionality present in THC and (--)-9-nor-9 beta-hydroxyhexahydrocannabinol (HHC). A new grouping, the 1-methyl-4-phenylbutyloxy C-3 side chain, elaborates a unique lipopholic region. Replacement of the phenol substituent produced several derivatives which retain analgetic activity in the codeine potency range.

Potent analgetics derived from 9-nor-9 beta-hydroxyhexahydrocannabinol.

Based on the report of morphine-like analgetic activity of 9-nor-9 beta-hydroxyhexahydrocannabinol (HHC), we undertook a study of structural modifications of the C-3 side chain of HHC to optimize the analgetic activity. We ultimately examined four distinct classes of side chains: (1) alkyl (la-lc), (2) arylalkyl (ld-lh), (3) alkoxy (li-lj) and (4) arylalkyloxy (lk-lo). Three of these derivatives (lb, lf, ll) possessed analgetic activity 10X morphine.

4a,9b-trans-8-Fluoro-5-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-[4-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-hydroxybutyl]-2,3,4,4a,5,9b-hexahydro-1H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole hydrochloride, a new potent neuroleptic.

The preparation and testing of the two racemic diastereoisomers and the four optically active enantiomers of the title compound in in vitro and in vivo models for determining potential antipsychotic activity are described. Both racemic diastereoisomers and two of the four chiral enantiomers are potent and long-acting neuroleptic compounds.

Neuroleptic 4-aryltetrahydropyrrolo[3,4-b]indoles.

7-Fluoro-4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-[4-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-hydroxybutyl]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrrolo[3,4-b]indole displayed neuroleptic-like activity in an animal model approximately equipotent with that of chlorpromazine but was of substantially greater duration of action. Structure-activity relationships of the series are discussed.

Neuroleptic activity in 5-aryltetrahydro-gamma-carbolines.

A series of 5-aryltetrahydro-gamma-carbolines was prepared by a novel N-arylation procedure and tested for neuroleptic activity in a rat antiamphetamine model. The systematic exploration of structural parameters leading to 8-fluoro-5-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-[4-hydroxy-4-(4-fluorophenyl)butyl]-2,3,5-tetrahydro-1H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole (CP-36,584, flutroline), a potent and long-acting neuroleptic compound, is described. These semirigid compounds provide a new, structurally distinct series with which to probe the conformational requirements for potent activity at the dopamine receptor.

Analgesic and tranquilizing activity of 5,8-disubstituted 2-aminomethyl-3,4-dihydronaphthalenes.

Interesting analgesic activity approaching that of meperidine and codeine was observed in standard animal models for 8-chloro-3,4-dihydro-5-methoxy-2-pyrrolidinomethylnaphthalene (compound 7). This compound was orally effective and its analgesic activity was not reversed by the opiate antagonist, naloxone. A limited number of other 2-aminomethyl analogues displayed activity in neuroleptic screens.

Analgesic and tranquilizing activity of 5,8-disubstituted 1-tetralone Mannich bases.

5,8-Disubstituted 1-tetralone Mannich bases represent semirigid variants of classical (i.e., chlorpromazine) neuroleptic agents.