Universal synthesis of single-atom electrocatalysts fluoride ion etching for hydrogen evolution.

Single-atom catalysts (SACs) have attracted considerable interest in the field of electrocatalysis due to their high efficiency of metal utilization and catalytic activity. However, traditional methods of SACs fabrication are often complex and time-consuming. Herein, F-Ru@TiO N was synthesized using a straightforward and universal approach surface etching and heteroatoms immobilization on a vacancies-rich hierarchical TiO N nanorods array.