Review on Portable-Powered Lower Limb Exoskeletons.

Advancements in science and technology have driven the growing use of robots in daily life, with Portable-Powered Lower Limb Exoskeletons (PPLLEs) emerging as a key innovation. The selection of mechanisms, control strategies, and sensors directly influences the overall performance of the exoskeletons, making it a crucial consideration for research and development. This review examines the current state of PPLLE research, focusing on the aspects of mechanisms, control strategies, and sensors.

Genomics-Driven Discovery of Phytotoxic Cytochalasans Involved in the Virulence of the Wheat Pathogen .

The etiology of fungal pathogenesis of grains is critical to global food security. The large number of orphan biosynthetic gene clusters uncovered in fungal plant pathogen genome sequencing projects suggests that we have a significant knowledge gap about the secondary metabolite repertoires of these pathogens and their roles in plant pathogenesis. Cytochalasans are a family of natural products of significant interest due to their ability to bind to actin and interfere with cellular processes that involved actin polymerization; however, our understanding of their biosynthesis and biological roles remains incomplete.

Variation in Soil Fungal Composition Associated with the Invasion of Stellera chamaejasme L. in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Grassland.

Stellera chamaejasme L. is the most problematic weed in China's grasslands. Its root exudates affect co-occurring plants and thus may also affect soil fungi.

Biosynthesis of a Tricyclo[6.2.2.0 ]dodecane System by a Berberine Bridge Enzyme-Like Aldolase.

The aldol reaction is one of the most fundamental stereocontrolled carbon-carbon bond-forming reactions and is mainly catalyzed by aldolases in nature. Despite the fact that the aldol reaction has been widely proposed to be involved in fungal secondary metabolite biosynthesis, a dedicated aldolase that catalyzes stereoselective aldol reactions has only rarely been reported in fungi. Herein, we activated a cryptic polyketide biosynthetic gene cluster that was upregulated in the fungal wheat pathogen Parastagonospora nodorum during plant infection; this resulted in the production of the phytotoxic stemphyloxin II (1).

Chemical Ecogenomics-Guided Discovery of Phytotoxic α-Pyrones from the Fungal Wheat Pathogen Parastagonospora nodorum.

A biosynthetic gene cluster that is significantly upregulated in the fungal wheat pathogen Parastagonospora nodorum during plant infection was reconstructed heterologously in Aspergillus nidulans. This led to the discovery of five new α-pyrone polyketides, alternapyrones B-F (2-6). Compounds 5 and 6, which contain a highly substituted dihydrofuran, exhibited phytotoxicity on wheat seed germination.