Identification of the murine osteoblastic cell MC3T3-E1 as a permissive cell line in response to lumpy skin disease virus.

Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) is a rapidly emerging pathogen in China. Screening suitable cells for LSDV replication is vital for future research on pathogenic mechanisms and vaccine development. Previous comparative studies have identified that the rodent-derived BHK21 is a highly susceptible cell model to LSDV infection.

The comparative study revealed that the hTERT-CSF cell line was the most susceptible cell to the Lumpy skin disease virus infection among eleven cells.

Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) is a rapidly emerging pathogen in Asia, including China. Improving the propagation of LSDV is important for diagnostics and vaccine production. Our study identified and compared the LSDV susceptibility of eleven standard cells using western blot, indirect immune-fluorescence assay, quantitative PCR, and 50 % tissue culture infectious dose.

Development of a recombinant vaccine against foot and mouth disease utilizing mutant attenuated Listeria ivanovii strain as a live vector.

The drawbacks of conventional inactivated Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) vaccine, such as escaping of the virus during manufacture processes prompted researchers to explore novel types of vaccine to overcome these disadvantages. Listeria ivanovii (LI) is an intracellular microorganism that possesses immune-stimulatory properties, making it appropriate for use as a live bacterial vaccine vector. The Foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) VP1 protein is the most immunogenic part of FMDV capsid, it has most of the antigenic sites for viral neutralization.

Protection of a novel epitope-RNA VLP double-effective VLP vaccine for foot-and-mouth disease.

Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral disease of cloven-hoofed animals. Previously, we found that the epitope peptide EP displayed on virus-like particles (VLP) for use as a vaccine showed high immunoreactivity and conferred partially effective protection to animals. In this study, we first combined antisense RNA with VLP as a vaccine against the foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) by using a prokaryotic co-expression system.

Promising MS2 mediated virus-like particle vaccine against foot-and-mouth disease.

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) has caused severe economic losses to millions of farmers worldwide. In this work, the coding genes of 141-160 epitope peptide (EP141-160) of VP1 were inserted into the coat protein (CP) genes of MS2 in prokaryotic expression vector, and the recombinant protein self-assembled into virus-like particles (VLP). Results showed that the CP-EP141-160 VLP had a strong immunoreaction with the FMD virus (FMDV) antigen in vitro, and also had an effective immune response in mice.

The effects of the context-dependent codon usage bias on the structure of the nsp1α of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus.

The information about the crystal structure of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) leader protease nsp1α is available to analyze the roles of tRNA abundance of pigs and codon usage of the nsp1 α gene in the formation of this protease. The effects of tRNA abundance of the pigs and the synonymous codon usage and the context-dependent codon bias (CDCB) of the nsp1 α on shaping the specific folding units (α-helix, β-strand, and the coil) in the nsp1α were analyzed based on the structural information about this protease from protein data bank (PDB: 3IFU) and the nsp1 α of the 191 PRRSV strains. By mapping the overall tRNA abundance along the nsp1 α, we found that there is no link between the fluctuation of the overall tRNA abundance and the specific folding units in the nsp1α, and the low translation speed of ribosome caused by the tRNA abundance exists in the nsp1 α.

The distribution of synonymous codon choice in the translation initiation region of dengue virus.

Dengue is the most common arthropod-borne viral (Arboviral) illness in humans. The genetic features concerning the codon usage of dengue virus (DENV) were analyzed by the relative synonymous codon usage, the effective number of codons and the codon adaptation index. The evolutionary distance between DENV and the natural hosts (Homo sapiens, Pan troglodytes, Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti) was estimated by a novel formula.

Potential roles of synonymous codon usage and tRNA concentration in hosts on the two initiation regions of foot-and-mouth disease virus RNA.

The open reading frame of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) contains two authentic initiation codons and the second initiation codon is often selected in high frequency. In the study, we analyzed the effects of the host-cell synonymous codon usage and the overall tRNA concentration in the hosts on the region flanked by the two initiation codons (termed as the region 1) and the same length starting from the second initiation codon (defined as the region 2). We find that low-usage codons of hosts are more selected in the region 1 than the region 2; no obvious usage bias of codon with high C/G content exists in the region 1, and the latter part (ranging from the 13th codon position to the 28th codon position) of the region 1 generally contains the codon sites with the generally lower tRNA concentration than the counterpart of the region 2.

Immunity of foot-and-mouth disease serotype Asia 1 by sublingual vaccination.

Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) causes vesicular disease of cloven-hoofed animals, with severe agricultural and economic losses. Here we present study using a sublingual (SL) route with the killed serotype Asia 1 FMDV vaccine. Guinea pigs were vaccinated using a commercially available vaccine formulation at the manufacturer's recommended full, 1/4, and 1/16 antigen doses.

Clustering of low usage codons in the translation initiation region of hepatitis C virus.

The adaptation of the overall codon usage pattern of hepatitis C virus (HCV) to that of human is estimated by the synonymous codon usage value (RSCU). The synonymous codon usage biases for the translation initiation region (TIR) of this virus are also analyzed by calculation of usage fluctuation of each synonymous codon along the TIR (the first 30 codon sites of the whole coding sequence of HCV). As for the overall codon usage pattern of HCV, this virus has a significant tendency to delete the codons with CpG or TpA dinucleotides.

Detection of foot-and-mouth disease serotype O by ELISA using a monoclonal antibody.

An ELISA assay with monoclonal antibody (MELISA) was used to type serotype O of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV). All FMDV serotype O reference strains were positive by MELISA, while other viruses such as FMDV serotypes Asia 1, C, and A and classical swine fever virus, swine vesicular disease virus, and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus remained negative. Furthermore, FMDV serotype O positive samples were able to be detected by MELISA.

The effects of the synonymous codon usage and tRNA abundance on protein folding of the 3C protease of foot-and-mouth disease virus.

The 3C protease of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) has a conserved amino acid sequence and is responsible for most cleavage in the viral polyprotein. The effects of the synonymous codon usage of FMDV 3C gene and tRNA abundance of the hosts on shaping different folding units (α-helix, β-strand and the coil) in the 3C protease were analyzed based on the structural information of the FMDV 3C protease from Protein Data Bank (PDB: 2BHG) and 210 genes of 3C for all serotypes of FMDV. The strong correlation between some codons usage and the specific folding unit in the FMDV 3C protease is found.

An overview of control strategy and diagnostic technology for foot-and-mouth disease in China.

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is one of most contagious animal diseases. It affects millions of cloven-hoofed animals and causes huge economic losses in many countries of the world. There are seven serotypes of which three (O, A and Asia 1) are endemic in China.

Detection of foot-and-mouth disease serotype O by ELISA using a monoclonal antibody.

An ELISA assay with monoclonal antibody (MELISA) was used to type serotype O of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV). All FMDV serotype O reference strains were positive by MELISA, while other viruses such as FMDV serotypes Asia 1, C, A and classical swine fever virus, swine vesicular disease virus, and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus remained negative. Further, FMDV serotype O positive samples were able to be detected by MELISA.

Comparative [corrected] codon usage between the three main viruses in pestivirus genus and their natural susceptible livestock.

Classical swine fever virus, bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), and border disease virus can cause serious livestock diseases. The relative synonymous codon usage value, the "effective number of codons" (ENC), the ratio of K(s) value to K(a) value and the principle component analysis were employed to analyze the genetic characteristics of open reading frame (ORF) and the four genes (the N(pro), Erns, E1, E2 genes) of the three viruses and the relationship of codon usage pattern between each virus and its most common host. The amount of under-represented codons is larger than the amount of over-represented ones in ORFs or the four genes of the three viruses.

Detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus RNA by reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification.

A reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) assay was developed for foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) RNA. The amplification was able to finish in 45 min under isothermal condition at 64°C by employing a set of four primers targeting FMDV 2B. The assay showed higher sensitivity than RT-PCR.

Rapid typing of foot-and-mouth disease serotype Asia 1 by reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification.

A reverse transcriptase loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) assay was rapidly used to detect serotype Asia 1 of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) within 45 min at 61°C. All FMDV serotype Asia 1 reference strains were positive by RT-LAMP, while other viruses such as FMDV serotypes O, C, A and classical swine fever virus, swine vesicular disease virus, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and Japanese encephalitis virus remained negative. Furthermore, FMDV sreotype Asia 1 positive samples were able to detect by RT-LAMP assay.

The characteristic of codon usage pattern and its evolution of hepatitis C virus.

To give a new perspective on the codon usage of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) and the factors accounting for shaping the codon usage pattern of the virus, the relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU) values, aromaticity and hydrophobicity of each polyprotein of the virus, effective number of codons (ENC) values and nucleotide contents were calculated to implement a comparative analysis to evaluate the dynamics of the virus evolution. The RSCU values of each codon of 144 HCV ORFs indicated that all abundant codons were C/G-ended codons. The plots of principal component analysis based on sub-genotype of HCV indicated that sub-genotype 1a and 1b separated clearly on the axis of f2 suggesting that the codon usage bias between sub-genotype 1a and 1b strains was different.

An overview on ELISA techniques for FMD.

Background: FMD is one of the major causes of economic loss of cloven-hoofed animals in the world today. The assessment of dominant genotype/lineage and prevalent trends and confirmation the presence of infection or vaccination not only provides scientific basis and first-hand information for appropriate control measure but also for disease eradication and regaining FMD free status following an outbreak. Although different biological and serological approaches are still applied to study this disease, ELISA test based on the distinct format, antigen type and specific antibody reinforce its predominance in different research areas of FMD, and this may replace the traditional methods in the near future.

Comparative analysis of ovine adenovirus 287 and human adenovirus 2 and 5 based on their codon usage.

Ovine adenovirus 287 (OAdV287) emerges as one of the most promising gene vectors resulting from its unique biological characteristics. To obtain a more detailed knowledge about the codon usage of OAdV287, a comparative study based on the codon usage of OAdV287 and the prototypes of human adenovirus serotypes 2 and 5 (HAdV2/5) was carried out. Some commonly used indices measuring the codon usage patterns, including effective number of codons, relative synonymous codon usage, and statistical methods, were adopted.

The codon usage model of the context flanking each cleavage site in the polyprotein of foot-and-mouth disease virus.

To investigate the codon usage pattern of the contexts flanking 11 cleavage sites of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) polyprotein, the codon usage model of the corresponding codon position and the synonymous codon usage in the target contexts of 66 strains were characterized by two simple methods based on the relative synonymous codon usage value. The synonymous codons usage pattern was also compared between this virus and two species of hosts (cattle and domestic pig). It is indicated that FMDV bore a general resemblance to the hosts in terms of the synonymous codon usage pattern.

Analysis of codon usage in type 1 and the new genotypes of duck hepatitis virus.

In this study, an abundant (A+U)% and low codon bias were revealed in duck hepatitis virus type 1 (DHV-1) and the new serotype strains isolated from Taiwan, South Korea and Mainland China (DHV-N). The general correlation between base composition and codon usage bias suggests that mutational pressure rather than natural selection is the main factor that determines the codon usage bias in these samples. By comparative analysis of the codon usage patterns of 40 ORFs of DHV, we found that all of DHV-1 strains grouped in genotype C; the DHV-N strains isolated in South Korea and China clustered into genotypes B; and the DHV-N strains isolated from Taiwan clustered into genotypes A.

Compare the differences of synonymous codon usage between the two species within cardiovirus.

Background: Cardioviruses are positive-strand RNA viruses in the Picornaviridae family that can cause enteric infection in rodents and also been detected at lower frequencies in other mammals such as pigs and human beings. The Cardiovirus genus consists two distinct species: Encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) and Theilovirus (ThV). There are a lot differences between the two species.

Research in advance for FMD novel vaccines.

Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD), as a major global animal disease, affects millions of animals worldwide and remains the main sanitary barrier to the international and national trade of animals and animal products. Inactivated vaccination is the most effective measure for prevention of FMD at present, but fail to induce long-term protection and content new requires for production of FMD vaccines. As a number of Researchers hope to obtain satisfactory novel vaccines by new bio-technology, novel vaccines have been studied for more than thirty years.

Rapid detection of hepatitis C virus RNA by a reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay.

The usefulness of reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) for the rapid diagnosis of hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA was evaluated. This assay showed higher sensitivities than that of nested RT-PCR, with a detection limit of 600 IU mL(-1) , and no cross-reactivity was observed with hepatitis A virus, hepatitis B virus and hepatitis E virus. Furthermore, 106 stored sera from recently diagnosed cases were retrospectively investigated with real-time RT-PCR, the nested RT-PCR, in parallel with this new assay.