Genistein induces adipogenic differentiation in human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and suppresses their osteogenic potential by upregulating PPARγ.

Genistein is a soy isoflavone that exists in the form of an aglycone. It is the primary active component in soy isoflavone and has a number of biological activities (anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative). However, the specific effect of genistein on human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) remains unclear.

B7-H1 and B7-H4 expression in colorectal carcinoma: correlation with tumor FOXP3(+) regulatory T-cell infiltration.

B7-H1 and B7-H4 are newly discovered members of the B7-CD28 family. They can inhibit T cell activation and proliferation and regulate T cell immune response negatively. Both B7-H1 and B7-H4 are expressed in many tumors and are classified as co-inhibitors of cell-mediated immunity.

Afferent sources to the inferior olive and distribution of the olivocerebellar climbing fibers in cyprinids.

The inferior olive in teleosts is a major afferent origin to the cerebellum. However, inputs to the inferior olive remain largely unknown. The present study examined fiber connections of the inferior olive by tract-tracing methods in cyprinids.

Variations of the bilateral testicular veins: embryological and clinical considerations.

Variations of the bilateral testicular veins were observed during routine dissection of the posterior abdominal wall in a 77-year-old male Japanese cadaver. The right testicular vein consisted of the lateral and medial testicular veins. The right lateral testicular vein drained into the right renal vein.

Duplication of the inferior vena cava associated with other variations.

Multiple vascular variations, including duplication of the inferior vena cava, double renal arteries and anomalies of the testicular blood vessels, were observed during dissection of the retroperitoneal region of a cadaver of an 87-year-old Japanese man. The right inferior vena cava arose from the union of right common iliac veins and a thinner interiliac vein. This interiliac vein ascended obliquely from right to left and joined the left common iliac veins to form the left inferior vena cava.

Fiber connections of the corpus glomerulosum pars rotunda, with special reference to efferent projection pattern to the inferior lobe in a percomorph teleost, tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus).

Fiber connections of the corpus glomerulosum pars rotunda (GR) in a teleost, tilapia Oreochromis niloticus, were studied by biotinylated dextran amine injections into the GR and inferior lobe. After tracer injections into the GR, major groups of labeled somata were found bilaterally in the cortical nucleus and ipsilaterally in the nucleus intermedius. Numerous labeled terminals were found ipsilaterally in the central nucleus, nucleus of lateral recess, and diffuse nucleus (NDLI) of the inferior lobe.

A new interpretation on the homology of the teleostean telencephalon based on hodology and a new eversion model.

Various hypotheses regarding the homology of the teleostean telencephalon with that of other vertebrates have been proposed to date. However, a firm conclusion on this issue has yet to be drawn. We propose here a new hypothesis with a new eversion model.

Fiber connections of the periventricular pretectal nucleus in a teleost, tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus).

Fiber connections of the periventricular pretectal nucleus were studied by a tract-tracing method in a teleost, tilapia. After tracer injections into the periventricular pretectal nucleus, labeled neurons were observed ipsilaterally in the area pretectalis pars ventralis, area pretectalis pars dorsalis, optic tectum and ventrolateral nucleus of semicircular torus, bilaterally in the ventromedial thalamic nucleus, principal sensory trigeminal nucleus and descending trigeminal nucleus, and contralaterally in the periventricular pretectal nucleus and corpus cerebelli. Two types of tectal neurons were labeled in the stratum album centrale and the stratum periventriculare.

Primary and secondary sensory trigeminal projections in a cyprinid teleost, carp (Cyprinus carpio).

Primary and secondary sensory trigeminal projections were studied by means of tract-tracing methods in a cyprinid teleost, the carp. Tracer injections into the trigeminal nerve root labeled terminals in the ipsilateral principal sensory trigeminal nucleus, descending trigeminal nucleus, medial funicular nucleus, facial lobe, and medial part of posterior lateral valvular nucleus. The principal sensory trigeminal nucleus is considered a major origin of the secondary sensory trigeminal projections in teleosts.

Projections of the sensory trigeminal nucleus in a percomorph teleost, tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus).

The sensory trigeminal nucleus of teleosts is the rostralmost nucleus among the trigeminal sensory nuclear group in the rhombencephalon. The sensory trigeminal nucleus is known to receive the somatosensory afferents of the ophthalmic, maxillar, and mandibular nerves. However, the central connections of the sensory trigeminal nucleus remain unclear.

Duplicate testicular veins accompanied by anomalies of the testicular arteries.

Duplicate testicular veins associated with other anomalies of the testicular arteries were observed during dissection of the posterior abdominal wall in a 90-year-old Japanese male cadaver. The right testicular vein was composed of the medial and lateral testicular veins. The medial testicular vein drained into the inferior vena cava, whereas the lateral testicular vein drained into the confluence of the inferior vena cava and right renal vein.

An indirect trigeminocerebellar pathway through the nucleus lateralis valvulae in a perciform teleost, Oreochromis niloticus.

The trigeminocerebellar pathways were investigated in a perciform teleost, tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), by tract-tracing methods. Iontophoretic injections of 1% biotinylated dextran amine were conducted on the nucleus lateralis valvulae, cerebellum and sensory trigeminal nucleus for 30 min each injection. Injections of the nucleus lateralis valvulae were made restrictedly into the rostromedial part of the nucleus.

Somatotopic organization of the trigeminal ganglion cells in a cichlid fish, Oreochromis (Tilapia) niloticus.

Somatotopic organization of the trigeminal ganglion is known in some vertebrates. The precise pattern of somatotopy, however, seems to vary in different vertebrate groups. Furthermore, the somatotopic organization remains to be studied in teleosts.

Afferent connections of the corpus cerebelli in holocentrid teleosts.

The holocentrid corpus cerebelli (CC) is composed of the dorsal (CCd) and ventral (CCv) lobes. In the present study, afferent connections of the CCd and CCv in holocentrid teleosts (Sargocentron rubrum and S. diadema) were examined by means of tract-tracing methods.

The anterograde and retrograde axonal transport of biotinylated dextran amine and biocytin in the nervous system of teleosts.

Biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) and biocytin are well transported both retrogradely and anterogradely. Both tracers have stable molecular structure for long-term storage and examination, and their visualizations can be realized by simple histochemical reactions. Therefore, the BDA and biocytin are widely used in neuroanatomical studies as the tract-tracing markers.

Fiber connections of the lateral valvular nucleus in a percomorph teleost, tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus).

Fiber connections of the lateral valvular nucleus were investigated in a percomorph teleost, the tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), by tract-tracing methods. Following tracer injections into the lateral valvular nucleus, neurons were labeled in the ipsilateral dorsal part of dorsal telencephalic area, corpus glomerulosum pars anterior, dorsomedial thalamic nucleus, central nucleus of the inferior lobe, mammillary body, semicircular torus, valvular and cerebellar corpus, in the bilateral rostral regions of the central part of dorsal telencephalic area, dorsal region of the medial part of dorsal telencephalic area, habenula, anterior tuberal nucleus, posterior tuberal nucleus, and spinal cord, and in the contralateral lateral funicular nucleus. Labeled fibers and terminals were found in the ipsilateral cerebellar corpus and bilateral valvula of the cerebellum.

Topographical projections to the nucleus prethalamicus from the cerebellum, optic tectum, and telencephalon in holocentrid teleosts.

Fiber connections of the nucleus prethalamicus (PTh) were investigated by biocytin injections into the corpus cerebelli, optic tectum, and telencephalon in holocentrids. The present study revealed the corpus cerebelli projections to the plexiform layer of the contralateral PTh, optic tectum to the marginal and large cell layers of the ipsilateral PTh, and telencephalon to the small cell layer of the ipsilateral PTh. Large cells of the PTh project fibers back to the telencephalon.

Fiber connections of the torus longitudinalis and optic tectum in holocentrid teleosts.

Fiber connections of the torus longitudinalis (TL) and target(s) of toral recipient tectal neurons (pyramidal cells) in the optic tectum were examined by tract-tracing methods in holocentrids. Injections into the stratum marginale (SM) labeled neurons in the stratum opticum and stratum fibrosum et griseum superficiale (SFGS). They had superficial spiny dendrites, with a fan-shaped branching pattern in SM and a thick basal dendrite that gave rise to bushy horizontal branches at the boundary between the SFGS and the stratum griseum centrale (SGC), where an axon and a thin dendrite arose.

Topographical organization of an indirect telencephalo-cerebellar pathway through the nucleus paracommissuralis in a teleost, Oreochromis niloticus.

The nucleus paracommissuralis (NPC) of teleosts is a relay nucleus of an indirect telencephalo-cerebellar pathway. However, cells of origin in telencephalic subdivisions and terminal patterns of the NPC fibers in the cerebellum remain unclear. We studied these issues by means of tract-tracing methods in a cichlid, tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus).

Fiber connections of the torus longitudinalis in a teleost: Cyprinus carpio re-examined.

Fiber connections of the carp torus longitudinalis were re-examined by means of tract-tracing methods. The torus longitudinalis projected mainly to the stratum marginale of the optic tectum, area pretectalis, and corpus cerebelli. The stratum marginale was anterogradely labeled only by biocytin, but not by horseradish peroxidase.