Extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal (ECCOR) in respiratory deficiency and current investigations on its improvement: a review.

The implementation of extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal (ECCOR) as one of the extracorporeal life support system is getting more attention today. Thus, the objectives of this paper are to study the clinical practice of commercial ECCOR system, current trend of its development and also the perspective on future improvement that can be done to the existing ECCOR system. The strength of this article lies in its review scope, which focuses on the commercial ECCOR therapy in the market based on membrane lung and current investigation to improve the efficiency of the ECCOR system, in terms of surface modification by carbonic anhydrase (CA) immobilization technique and respiratory electrodialysis (R-ED).

Fundamental frequency and perturbation measures of sustained vowels in Malaysian Malay children between 7 and 12 years old.

Objective: The study is going to investigate the fundamental frequency (F(0)) and perturbation measures of sustained vowels in 360 native Malaysian Malay children aged between 7 and 12 years using acoustical analysis.

Methods: Praat software (Boersma and Weenink, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands) was used to analyze the F(0) and perturbation measures of the sustained vowels. Statistical analyses were conducted to determine the significant differences in F(0) and perturbation measures across the vowels, sex, and age groups.