Iatrogenic Breast Lymphoedema: Incidence, Diagnosis, and Associated Risk Factors.

While upper limb lymphoedema following breast and axillary surgery is well established in the literature, breast lymphoedema is rarely documented. Our primary objective was to identify risk factors of breast lymphoedema, and our secondary aim was to assess the possibility of using a breast ultrasound scan to assess breast lymphoedema. This study was a case series analysis, including patients who had wide local excision for primary breast cancer treatment between January 2013 and January 2018.

Nuclear Factor-κB Clinical Significance in Breast Cancer: An Immunohistochemical Study.

Objectives: Nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) is a superfamily of transcription factors that plays a key role in cancer genesis and progression. The present study aimed to examine the expression of NF-κB/p65 in breast cancer and its relationship with prognostic markers such as tumour grade, tumour size, hormone receptors, and HER-2.

Methods: Ninety-nine unselected formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded invasive ductal and lobular tissue sections were evaluated by immunohistochemistry methods to measure the expression of NF-κB/p65, oestrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER-2), and Ki-67.

Adequate Assessment Can Affect the Management of Breast Cancer in Geriatric Population.

Breast cancer (BC) risk increases with age; about a third of patients are diagnosed in age older than 65. Treatment of this age group remains controversial, leading to inferior outcomes with lower survival rates than younger patients. We aimed to evaluate performance status tools as well as the outcome of management of breast cancer in the geriatric population.

RRM2 expression in different molecular subtypes of breast cancer and its prognostic significance.

Background: Breast cancer is one of the most common types of cancer. Ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) is a heterodimeric tetramer consisting of two Ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase large subunits (RRM1) and two Ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase small subunits (RRM2). RRM2 is the building subunit of RNR that is important for synthesis of Deoxynucleoside triphosphate (dNTP) during S phase of cell cycle during DNA replication.

Routine cavity shaves following breast conserving surgery; friend or foe?

Background: Radial margin status is considered one of the most important prognostic predictor for patients undergoing breast-conserving surgery (BCT), not only related to regional recurrence but also to 5y survival, especially in patients with invasive disease.

Aim: While our primary aim was to evaluate whether doing routine radial cavity shaves following at the time of primary conservative breast surgery will decrease the need for a second operation or not, our secondary aim was to assess time added to the operation to resect and mark the radial shaves, as well as patients' satisfaction with the results.

Material And Methods: We have conducted a case series prospective analysis, including158 patients who underwent breast-conserving surgery looking into the histological status of resection margins and radial shaves, added time taken to take and mark the shaves as well as patients' satisfaction.

Phyllodes Tumours Will Only Get Bigger During Pandemic Restrictions.

Phyllodes tumours of the breast are rare fibroepithelial stromal tumours which are morphologically very different from epithelial breast cancer. Its diagnosis and management has always been challenging till the World Health Organization (WHO) divided it into two-three subtypes in 2003, only then it was found that incidence and management and follow-up of these three subtypes need to be completely different to reach the optimum outcome. We are presenting a case of a 47-year-old female who presented relatively late (due to pandemic restrictions) with a large phyllodes tumour requiring mastectomy as well as adjuvant treatment.

The Appendix Is Not Always Alone in Amyand's Hernia.

An inguinal hernia is one of the most common surgical conditions accounting for both elective as well as acute admissions. Amyand's hernia is a rare entity of inguinal hernia, which represents a very small percentage of all inguinal hernias. While in most cases it is an incidental finding encountered during routine repair of an inguinal hernia, in other cases, it might be the reason for acute presentation.

Small Bowel Perforation as a Consequence of Strangulated Direct Inguinal Hernia.

Inguinal hernia is probably one of the most common surgical conditions, with strangulation accounting for a good number of acute surgical admissions. It has always been known that direct hernias are less likely to strangulate due to wide hernial defects in comparison to indirect hernia. For that reason, some surgeons do not attempt repair of direct hernias in elderly patients.

Football Size Jejunal Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumour.

Gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs) are considered the most common mesenchymal neoplasms of the alimentary tract, yet they account for only 0.2% of all gastrointestinal neoplasms. We are presenting a case of a 68-year-old gentleman who was diagnosed with a 250 mm jejunal GIST only when he presented with abdominal pain and fullness in the upper abdomen.

Intrahepatic Gallbladder.

Unlabelled: Gallbladders have been reported in various ectopic locations. An intrahepatic gallbladder is one where the gallbladder lies within the liver parenchyma or has a subcapsular location along the anterior inferior right lobe of the liver. Intrahepatic gallbladders can have impaired function leading to the formation of gallbladder stones.

Expression levels of β-catenin and galectin-3 in meningioma and their effect on brain invasion and recurrence: a tissue microarray study.

Objective: Meningiomas are neoplasms that arise from the meninges of the central nervous system (CNS). They constitute about 25.6% of CNS tumors diagnosed in Egypt.

Isolated loco-regional recurrence after radical nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma: a study of 22 patients.

Objective: This study aimed to assess prognosis of isolated local recurrence (ILR) of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) after radical nephrectomy (RN).

Patients And Methods: This retrospective study involved 22 cases (16 men and 6 women) of ILR from two centers with a mean age of 60.1±8.

Immunoglobulin free light chains are biomarkers of poor prognosis in basal-like breast cancer and are potential targets in tumor-associated inflammation.

Inflammation is an important component of various cancers and its inflammatory cells and mediators have been shown to have prognostic potential. Tumor-infiltrating mast cells can promote tumor growth and angiogenesis, but the mechanism of mast cell activation is unclear. In earlier studies, we demonstrated that immunoglobulin free light chains (FLC) can trigger mast cells in an antigen-specific manner.

DACH1: its role as a classifier of long term good prognosis in luminal breast cancer.

Background: Oestrogen receptor (ER) positive (luminal) tumours account for the largest proportion of females with breast cancer. Theirs is a heterogeneous disease presenting clinical challenges in managing their treatment. Three main biological luminal groups have been identified but clinically these can be distilled into two prognostic groups in which Luminal A are accorded good prognosis and Luminal B correlate with poor prognosis.

The oestrogen receptor coactivator CARM1 has an oncogenic effect and is associated with poor prognosis in breast cancer.

The coactivator-associated arginine methyltransferase-1 (CARM1) is implicated in regulation of oestrogen receptor (ER) α-mediated gene pathways in response to ER activation. It plays an important role in breast cancer growth by regulating the E2F1 expression suggesting that CARM1 could be a target in the subclassification of oestrogen-dependent breast cancer. This study aims to investigate the clinical and biological importance of CARM1 protein expression in a large (1,130 patients), well-characterised and annotated series of invasive breast cancers using tissue microarrays and immunohistochemistry.

A review of the biological and clinical characteristics of luminal-like oestrogen receptor-positive breast cancer.

Global gene expression profiling (GEP) studies of breast cancer have identified distinct biological classes with different clinical and therapeutic implications. Oestrogen receptor (ER) has been found to be a central marker of the molecular signature. GEP studies have consistently recognized a molecularly distinct class of tumours that is characterized by high-level expression of ER and other biomarkers recognized to be characteristic of normal luminal cells of the breast.

FOXO3a nuclear localisation is associated with good prognosis in luminal-like breast cancer.

Oestrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer (BC) constitutes a heterogeneous group of tumours with regard to outcome and response to therapy. Accurate stratification of ER-positive BC according to risk of relapse and response to therapy will be achieved through an improved understanding of ER and ER-related biological pathways. Recent studies have identified Forkhead box O3a (FOXO3a) transcription factor as an intracellular mediator of ERα expression and as an important downstream target of the Akt/PI3K pathway indicating a biological and potential clinical role for FOXO3a in ER-positive BC.

Beta-blocker drug therapy reduces secondary cancer formation in breast cancer and improves cancer specific survival.

Laboratory models show that the beta-blocker, propranolol, can inhibit norepinephrine-induced breast cancer cell migration. We hypothesised that breast cancer patients receiving beta-blockers for hypertension would show reduced metastasis and improved clinical outcome. Three patient subgroups were identified from the medical records of 466 consecutive female patients (median age 57, range 28-71) with operable breast cancer and follow-up (>10 years).

Proposal for a modified grading system based on mitotic index and Bcl2 provides objective determination of clinical outcome for patients with breast cancer.

We hypothesized that the interaction between mitotic index (M) and Bcl2 could accurately discriminate between low- and high-grade breast cancer (BC) and provide a more objective measure of clinical outcome than histological grade, especially for patients with intermediate histological grade (G2), small size or oestrogen receptor (ER)-negative cancers. A well-characterized series of 1650 BCs with long-term follow-up was subjected to immunohistochemical analysis for Bcl2. Mitotic index (M) was assessed according to Nottingham Grading System (NGS) guidelines: M1: < 10 mitoses; M2: 10-18 mitoses; M3: > 18 mitoses.

RERG (Ras-like, oestrogen-regulated, growth-inhibitor) expression in breast cancer: a marker of ER-positive luminal-like subtype.

Global gene expression profiling studies have classified breast cancer into a number of distinct biological and molecular classes with clinical relevance. The heterogeneous luminal group, which is largely characterised by oestrogen receptor (ER) expression, appears to contain distinct subgroups with differing behaviour. In this study, we analysed 47,293 gene transcripts in 128 invasive breast carcinomas (BC) using Artificial Neural Networks and a cross-validation analysis in combination with an ensemble sample classification to identify genes that can be used to subclassify ER+ luminal tumours.

Investigating AP-2 and YY1 protein expression as a cause of high HER2 gene transcription in breast cancers with discordant HER2 gene amplification.

Introduction: Candidacy for anti-HER2 adjuvant therapy in breast cancer is assessed using tumour HER2 status but recently it has been proposed that the transcription factors AP-2alpha and YY1 may cause Her2 protein overexpression independently of gene amplification.

Methods: We characterised AP-2alpha/beta, AP-2alpha and YY1 with HER2 gene and protein expression, other relevant biomarkers, and clinical outcome using tissue microarrays (TMAs) and immunohistochemistry in a large (n = 1,176) clinically annotated series of early stage operable breast cancer. The associations and prognostic independence of AP-2 and YY1 was assessed in all patients and an oestrogen receptor negative subgroup.

The prognostic significance of PELP1 expression in invasive breast cancer with emphasis on the ER-positive luminal-like subtype.

The transcription functions of oestrogen receptors (ER) are influenced by several coregulators such as PELP1 (proline, glutamate and leucine rich protein 1). The aim of the present study, which uses tissue microarrays and immunohistochemistry, is to explore the clinical and biological relevance of PELP1 protein expression in a large series of consecutive patients (1,162 patients) with invasive breast cancers with particular emphasis on its role in the ER-positive/luminal-like class of tumours. Our results showed that increased PELP1 expression is associated with tumours of larger size, higher histological grade, higher mitotic count, and with positive expression of basal cytokeratins (CK) (CK14; P = 0.

Transferrin receptor (CD71) is a marker of poor prognosis in breast cancer and can predict response to tamoxifen.

Transferrin receptor (CD71) is involved in the cellular uptake of iron and is expressed on cells with high proliferation. It may be implicated in promoting the growth of endocrine resistant phenotypes within ER+/luminal-like breast cancer. We used a panel of in vitro cell models of acquired resistance to tamoxifen (TAMR), Faslodex (FASR) or severe oestrogen deprivation (MCF-7X) and the ER+ luminal MCF-7 parental line to determine CD71 mRNA expression and to study transferrin (Tf) effects on in vitro tumour growth and its inhibition.