PRMT5 regulates the polysaccharide content by controlling the splicing of thaumatin-like protein in .

PRMT5 contributes to secondary metabolite biosynthesis in . However, the mechanism through which PRMT5 regulates the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites remains unclear. In the current study, silencing led to a significant decrease in the biosynthesis of polysaccharides from through the action of the alternative splicing of .

The AMP-Activated Protein Kinase (AMPK) Positively Regulates Lysine Biosynthesis Induced by Citric Acid in .

, the most produced edible mushroom species in China, is rich in lysine. Further enhancing its lysine biosynthesis is vital for improving its quality in industrialized cultivation. Citric acid induction significantly increases both the biomass and growth rate of hyphae, as well as the lysine content.

Heme Oxygenase/Carbon Monoxide Participates in the Regulation of Heat-Stress Response, Ganoderic Acid Biosynthesis, and Cell-Wall Integrity.

Carbon monoxide (CO), a product of organic oxidation processes, arises in vivo principally from the enzymatic reaction of heme oxygenase (HO, transcription gene named ). HO/CO has been found to exert many salutary effects in multiple biological processes, including the stress response. However, whether HO/CO is involved in the regulation of the heat-stress (HS) response of () is still poorly understood.

Target of Rapamycin Mediated Ornithine Decarboxylase Antizyme Modulate Intracellular Putrescine and Ganoderic Acid Content in Ganoderma lucidum.

Putrescine (Put) has been shown to play an important regulatory role in cell growth in organisms. As the primary center regulating the homeostasis of polyamine (PA) content, ornithine decarboxylase antizyme (AZ) can regulate PA content through feedback. Nevertheless, the regulatory mechanism of Put is poorly understood in fungi.

Cloning and characterization of phosphoglucose isomerase in Lentinula edodes.

Phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI) is a key enzyme that participates in polysaccharide synthesis, which is responsible for the interconversion of glucose-6-phosphate (G-6-P) and fructose-6-phosphate (F-6-P), but there is little research focusing on its role in fungi, especially in higher basidiomycetes. The pgi gene was cloned from Lentinula edodes and named lepgi. Then, the lepgi-silenced strains were constructed by RNA interference.

GSNOR regulates ganoderic acid content in Ganoderma lucidum under heat stress through S-nitrosylation of catalase.

As a master regulator of the balance between NO signaling and protein S-nitrosylation, S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) reductase (GSNOR) is involved in various developmental processes and stress responses. However, the proteins and specific sites that can be S-nitrosylated, especially in microorganisms, and the physiological functions of S-nitrosylated proteins remain unclear. Herein, we show that the ganoderic acid (GA) content in GSNOR-silenced (GSNORi) strains is significantly lower (by 25%) than in wild type (WT) under heat stress (HS).

Lenthionine, a Key Flavor Substance in , Is Regulated by Cysteine under Drought Stress.

Due to its unique flavor profile, has become one of the most popular edible mushrooms in the world, but the regulatory mechanism of its flavor substances has not been revealed. To study the mechanism that regulates the anabolic metabolism of the important flavor substance lenthionine (LT), the effect of cysteine (Cys) synthesized by the cystathionine-γ-lyase () gene participating in the regulation of LT metabolism under drought stress was analyzed. Our results showed that drought stress promoted the accumulation of LT, and the key genes and were activated.

Mitochondrial pyruvate carrier regulates the lignocellulosic decomposition rate through metabolism in Ganoderma lucidum.

The activity of mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC) can be modulated to regulate intracellular metabolism under different culture conditions. In Ganoderma lucidum, the role of MPC in regulating carbon sources remains unknown. By knocking down MPC genes (MPC1 and MPC2), this research found that the loss of MPC increased the growth rate of G.

Nitrate reductase-dependent nitric oxide plays a key role on MeJA-induced ganoderic acid biosynthesis in Ganoderma lucidum.

Ganoderma lucidum, which contains numerous biologically active compounds, is known worldwide as a medicinal basidiomycete. Because of its application for the prevention and treatment of various diseases, most of artificially cultivated G. lucidum is output to many countries as food, tea, and dietary supplements for further processing.

Function of ceramide synthases on growth, ganoderic acid biosynthesis and sphingolipid homeostasis in Ganoderma lucidum.

Ceramide synthases (CERSs) catalyse an N-acyltransferase reaction using long-chain base (LCB) and fatty acyl-coenzyme A (CoA) as substrates to synthesize ceramide (Cer), which is the backbone of all complex sphingolipids. In the present study, three CERSs (LAG1, LAG2 and LAG3) form Ganoderma lucidum were analysed. The silencing of lag1 by RNA interference reduced ganoderic acid biosynthesis and Cer and complex sphingolipids contents, which contain long-chain-fatty-acids (LCFAs, including C16 and C18).

Hydrogen sulfide, a novel small molecule signalling agent, participates in the regulation of ganoderic acids biosynthesis induced by heat stress in Ganoderma lucidum.

Hydrogen sulfide (HS), an emerging small-molecule signalling agent, was recently shown to play a significant role in many physiological processes, but relatively few studies have been conducted on microorganisms compared with mammals and plants. By studying the pretreatment of HS donor sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS) and the scavenger hypotaurine (HT) and Cystathionine β-synthase silenced strains, we found that HS could alleviate the HS-induced ganoderic acids (GAs) biosynthesis. Our transcriptome results also showed that many signaling pathways and metabolic pathways, such as the glycolysis, TCA, oxidative phosphorylation and pentose phosphate pathway, are influenced by HS.

14-3-3 Proteins: a window for a deeper understanding of fungal metabolism and development.

Isoforms of 14-3-3 proteins, similar to their highly conserved homologs in mammals and plants, are both transcriptionally and functionally affected by their extracellular and intracellular environments. These proteins bind to phosphorylated client proteins to modulate their functions in fungi. Since phosphorylation regulates a plethora of different physiological responses in organisms, 14-3-3 proteins play roles in multiple physiological functions, including those controlling metabolisms, cell division, and responses to environmental stimulation.

Conversion of phosphatidylinositol (PI) to PI4-phosphate (PI4P) and then to PI(4,5)P is essential for the cytosolic Ca concentration under heat stress in Ganoderma lucidum.

How cells drive the phospholipid signal response to heat stress (HS) to maintain cellular homeostasis is a fundamental issue in biology, but the regulatory mechanism of this fundamental process is unclear. Previous quantitative analyses of lipids showed that phosphatidylinositol (PI) accumulates after HS in Ganoderma lucidum, implying the inositol phospholipid signal may be associated with HS signal transduction. Here, we found that the PI-4-kinase and PI-4-phosphate-5-kinase activities are activated and that their lipid products PI-4-phosphate and PI-4,5-bisphosphate are increased under HS.

Cross Talk between Calcium and Reactive Oxygen Species Regulates Hyphal Branching and Ganoderic Acid Biosynthesis in Ganoderma lucidum under Copper Stress.

is among the best known medicinal basidiomycetes due to its production of many pharmacologically active compounds. To study the regulatory networks involved in its growth and development, we analyzed the relationship between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and Ca signaling in the regulation of hyphal branching and ganoderic acid (GA) biosynthesis after Cu treatment. Our results revealed that Cu treatment decreased the distance between hyphal branches and increased the GA content and the intracellular levels of ROS and Ca Further research revealed that the Cu-induced changes in hyphal branch distance, GA content, and cytosolic Ca level were dependent on increases in cytosolic ROS.

Heat stress-induced reactive oxygen species participate in the regulation of HSP expression, hyphal branching and ganoderic acid biosynthesis in Ganoderma lucidum.

Heat stress (HS) is an important environmental factor that affects the growth and metabolism of edible fungi, but the molecular mechanism of the heat stress response (HSR) remains unclear. We previously reported that HS treatment increased the length between two hyphal branches and induced the accumulation of ganoderic acid biosynthesis and the gene expression of heat shock proteins (HSPs) in Ganoderma lucidum. In this study, we found that HS induced a significant increase in the cytosolic ROS concentration, and exogenously added ROS scavengers NAC, VC and NADPH oxidase (Nox) inhibitor DPI reduce the cytosolic ROS accumulation in G.

Infection Function of Adhesin-Like Protein ALP609 from Spiroplasma melliferum CH-1.

Spiroplasma melliferum is the causative agent of spiroplasmosis in honeybees. During infection, adhesion of spiroplasmas to the host cells through adhesion factors is a crucial step. In this study, we identified an adhesin-like protein (ALP609) in S.