[Dysphagia and Sonography: what Association?].

Achalasia is a primary esophageal motility disorder characterized by dysphagia, chest pain, and drug-resistant reflux symptoms. A detailed anamnesis and esophageal manometry are essential tools for a correct diagnosis. We present a case of a 31 years old woman with typical achalasia symptoms misdiagnosed for many years due to a complex background picture.

[Jaundice and pathological liver values].

Jaundice corresponds to elevated bilirubin- levels, whereat one has to distinguish between direct and indirect serum-bilirubin. In the present Mini Review causes and differential diagnosis of jaundice are outlined. Ultrasound-diagnostic plays a major role in identifying intrahepatic or extrahepatic jaundice.