Long-term survival of teeth in the posterior region after apical surgery.

Oftentimes the discussion of long-term success rates and treatment modalities becomes a central issue in consultations with patients. The aim of this study was to retrospectively evaluate survival rates of teeth after apicoectomy in an established private practice for Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in Kiel, Germany. All teeth treated with apicoectomy between 2001 and 2006 were included.

Intranasal insulin increases regional cerebral blood flow in the insular cortex in men independently of cortisol manipulation.

Insulin and cortisol play a key role in the regulation of energy homeostasis, appetite, and satiety. Little is known about the action and interaction of both hormones in brain structures controlling food intake and the processing of neurovisceral signals from the gastrointestinal tract. In this study, we assessed the impact of single and combined application of insulin and cortisol on resting regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in the insular cortex.

Tune it down to live it up? Rapid, nongenomic effects of cortisol on the human brain.

The stress hormone cortisol acts on the brain, supporting adaptation and time-adjusted coping processes. Whereas previous research has focused on slow emerging, genomic effects of cortisol, we addressed the rapid, nongenomic cortisol effects on in vivo neuronal activity in humans. Three independent placebo-controlled studies in healthy men were conducted.