Impact of Rootstock, Clonal Selection, and Berry Size of sp. Riesling on the Formation of TDN, Vitispiranes, and Other Volatile Compounds.

The C-norisoprenoid aroma compounds 1,1,6-trimethyl-1,2-dihydronaphthalene (TDN) and biosynthetically related vitispirane (VS) are important contributors to the varietal aroma of Riesling wines and are released from glycosidically bound carotenoid breakdown products during bottle aging. TDN is appreciated by numerous winemakers, particularly in aged Riesling wines. Higher levels of TDN, however, are perceived as a "petrol" off-flavor, which is expected to increase due to ongoing climate change.

Synthesis of Deuterium-Labeled 1,1,6-Trimethyl-1,2-dihydronaphthalene (TDN) and Quantitative Determination of TDN and Isomeric Vitispiranes in Riesling Wines by a Stable-Isotope-Dilution Assay.

The C-norisoprenoid aroma compounds 1,1,6-trimethyl-1,2-dihydronaphthalene (TDN) and isomeric 2,10,10-trimethyl-6-methylene-1-oxaspiro[4.5]dec-7-enes, so-called vitispiranes, are considered to be biosynthetically related. They occur at higher concentrations in bottle-aged Riesling wines especially and are important contributors to the varietal aroma of Riesling wines.

Fatty acids, triacylglycerols, and thermal behaviour of various mango (Mangifera indica L.) kernel fats.

Mango processing generates high amounts of unexploited kernels. Lipid profiles and thermal behaviour of kernel fats from seven Mangifera indica L. cultivars originating from Latin America and Thailand were characterised.

Headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatographic analysis of low-molecular-weight sulfur volatiles with pulsed flame photometric detection and quantification by a stable isotope dilution assay.

Low-molecular-weight volatile sulfur compounds such as thiols, sulfides, disulfides as well as thioacetates cause a sulfidic off-flavor in wines even at low concentration levels. The proposed analytical method for quantification of these compounds in wine is based on headspace solid-phase microextraction, followed by gas chromatographic analysis with sulfur-specific detection using a pulsed flame photometric detector. Robust quantification was achieved via a stable isotope dilution assay using commercial and synthesized deuterated isotopic standards.

Enantiodifferentiation of whisky and cognac lactones using gas chromatography with different cyclodextrin chiral stationary phases.

The chiral lactone 5-butyl-4-methyloxolan-2-one or 5-butyl-4-methyldihydro-2(3H)-furanone, often named whisky lactone, is found in oak wood, then contributing to the appreciated flavor of beverages stored in such wooden barrels. Its next higher homologue is named cognac lactone (5-pentyl-4-methyloxolan-2-one or 5-pentyl-4-methyldihydro-2(3H)-furanone), however is much less known, probably due to its minor concentration level. In order to study the direct enantioseparation of both lactones by gas chromatography on chiral stationary phases, individual enantiomers, particularly for cognac lactone were made available.

Characterization of Mesocarp and Kernel Lipids from Elaeis guineensis Jacq., Elaeis oleifera [Kunth] Cortés, and Their Interspecific Hybrids.

Morphological traits, total lipid contents, and fatty acid profiles were assessed in fruits of several accessions of Elaeis oleifera [Kunth] Cortés, Elaeis guineensis Jacq., and their interspecific hybrids. The latter featured the highest mesocarp-to-fruit ratios (77.

Current Developments in Analyzing Food Volatiles by Multidimensional Gas Chromatographic Techniques.

This paper presents current developments and future perspectives on the spread of advanced analytical tasks in the field of food volatile analysis. The topics outlined comprise (a) recent advances on miniaturized sampling techniques; (b) the potential and challenges of multidimensional gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometric detection for volatile identification and quantitation in samples with complex matrices;

Isotopic separation of acetaldehyde and methanol from their deuterated isotopologues on a porous layer open tubular column allows quantification by stable isotope dilution without mass spectrometric detection.

An isotopic separation of acetaldehyde and acetaldehyde-2,2,2-d3 was achieved in a temperature programmed run on a porous layer open tubular (PLOT) capillary column coated with particles of divinylbenzene ethylene glycol/dimethylacrylate (Rt-U-BOND). This is the prerequisite for the development of quantitative analytical methods based on a stable isotope dilution assay (SIDA) without a mass spectrometric detection (non-MS SIDA). For routine analysis a flame ionization detector (FID) can thus be applied as a robust and low-cost alternative.

An improved method for the analysis of 2-aminoacetophenone in wine based on headspace solid-phase microextraction and heart-cut multidimensional gas chromatography with selective detection by tandem mass spectrometry.

Heart-cut multidimensional gas chromatography coupled to selective mass spectrometric detection (H/C MDGC-MS-MS) was shown to be a suitable combination for analysis of the key component for the wine off-flavor named "atypical aging off-flavor" (german: "Untypische Alterungsnote", UTA), 2-aminoacetophenone (2-AAP). Headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) was applied as an easy to automate sample preparation step suiting routine control situations. During method development two critical aspects were found, of which one is the chemical degradation of the neat substance, leading to signal reduction and a false response behavior.

Quantitative determination of α-ionone, β-ionone, and β-damascenone and enantiodifferentiation of α-ionone in wine for authenticity control using multidimensional gas chromatography with tandem mass spectrometric detection.

Native concentrations of α-ionone, β-ionone, and β-damascenone were studied in various authentic and commercial wines. In addition, the enantiomeric distribution of α-ionone was determined and its merits as a potential marker for aroma adulteration in wine were discussed. For extraction of volatiles, headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) was applied, followed by heart-cut multidimensional gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometric detection for trace-level analysis.

Enantiodifferentiation of 1,2-propanediol in various wines as phenylboronate ester with multidimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

Native concentrations and enantiomeric distribution of 1,2-propanediol in various wines were studied in order to evaluate its merits as a potential marker for aroma adulteration in wine. Heart-cut multidimensional gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry was applied to analyze 1,2-propanediol after salting-out of the polar phase, derivatization with phenyl boronic acid, and extraction with cyclohexane. The enantiomeric separation of the derivative was achieved with heptakis-(6-O-tert.

2-Aminoacetophenone Is the Main Volatile Phase I Skatole Metabolite in Pietrain × Baden-Württemberg Hybrid Type Boars.

Skatole metabolites have been considered as putative contributors to boar taint. Recently, 2-aminoacetophenone, a volatile phase I skatole metabolite, was identified in back fat samples from boars of Pietrain × Baden-Württemberg hybrid type. This paper addresses the question of the physiological origin of the observed 2-aminoacetophenone in these pigs.

Characterization of Atypical Off-Flavor Compounds in Natural Cork Stoppers by Multidimensional Gas Chromatographic Techniques.

Natural cork stoppers with sensory deviations other than the typical cork taint were subgrouped according to their sensory descriptions and compared with unaffected control cork stoppers. The assessment of purge and trap extracts obtained from corresponding cork soaks was performed by heart-cut multidimensional gas chromatography-olfactometry (MDGC-O). The identification of compounds responsible for atypical cork taint detected in MDGC-O was further supported with additional multidimensional GC analysis in combination with mass spectrometric detection.

Ripening-dependent metabolic changes in the volatiles of pineapple (Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.) fruit: I. Characterization of pineapple aroma compounds by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

Qualitative ripening-dependent changes of pineapple volatiles were studied via headspace solid-phase microextraction and analyzed by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography quadrupole mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC×GC-qMS). Early green-ripe stage, post-harvest ripened, and green-ripe fruits at the end of their commercial shelf-life were compared to air-freighted pineapples harvested at full maturity. In total, more than 290 volatiles could be identified by mass spectrometry and their linear retention indices.

Ripening-dependent metabolic changes in the volatiles of pineapple (Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.) fruit: II. Multivariate statistical profiling of pineapple aroma compounds based on comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

Ripening-dependent changes of pineapple volatiles were studied in a nontargeted profiling analysis. Volatiles were isolated via headspace solid phase microextraction and analyzed by comprehensive 2D gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC×GC-qMS). Profile patterns presented in the contour plots were evaluated applying image processing techniques and subsequent multivariate statistical data analysis.

Authentication of pineapple (Ananas comosus [L.] Merr.) fruit maturity stages by quantitative analysis of γ- and δ-lactones using headspace solid-phase microextraction and chirospecific gas chromatography-selected ion monitoring mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-SIM-MS).

Headspace solid phase microextraction and chirospecific gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in selected ion monitoring mode (HS-SPME-GC-SIM-MS) allowed quantitative determination of δ-lactones (δ-C8, δ-C10) and γ-lactones (γ-C6, γ-C8, γ-C10). A stable isotope dilution assay (SIDA) with d7-γ-decalactone as internal standard was used for quantitative analysis of pineapple lactones that was performed at three progressing post-harvest stages of fully ripe air-freighted and green-ripe sea-freighted fruits, covering the relevant shelf-life of the fruits. Fresh pineapples harvested at full maturity were characterised by γ-C6 of high enantiomeric purity remaining stable during the whole post-harvest period.

Enantiodifferentiation of 3-sec-butyl-2-methoxypyrazine in different species using multidimensional and comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatographic approaches.

With respect to the current hypothesis that natural amino acids may serve as starting material for the biosynthesis of alkyl-methoxypyrazines, the enantiomeric distribution of the potent aroma compound 3-sec-butyl-2-methoxypyrazine (SBMP) was determined in various species using heart-cut multidimensional gas chromatography (H/C MDGC) or comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC × GC). Complementary to an earlier described separation on octakis-(6-O-methyl-2,3-di-O-pentyl)-γ-cyclodextrin used as chiral stationary phase, we found a reversal of the elution order of SBMP enantiomers on heptakis-(2,3-di-O-methyl-6-O-tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-β-cyclodextrin, providing further confirmation options for that type of analysis. Optimization of the enantioseparation of SBMP in a single-oven H/C enantio-MDGC system involved the use of a dual-jet cryo modulator for trapping of analytes transferred from the achiral (1)D column to the chiral (2)D column before starting the (2)D enantioseparation with an independent temperature ramp.

Characterization and analysis of structural isomers of dimethyl methoxypyrazines in cork stoppers and ladybugs (Harmonia axyridis and Coccinella septempunctata).

The three constitutional isomers of dimethyl-substituted methoxypyrazines: 3,5-dimethyl-2-methoxypyrazine 1; 2,5-dimethyl-3-methoxypyrazine 2; and 2,3-dimethyl-5-methoxypyrazine 3 are potent flavor compounds with similar mass spectrometric, gas chromatographic, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic behavior. Therefore, unambiguous analytical determination is critical, particularly in complex matrices. The unequivocal identification of 1-3 could be achieved by homo- and heteronuclear NMR correlation experiments.

Quantitative analysis of γ- and δ-lactones in wines using gas chromatography with selective tandem mass spectrometric detection.

Rationale: Aroma relevant γ- and δ-lactones are important flavor compounds in various foodstuffs. Their quantitative determination is essential for evaluating food sensory properties as well as food authenticity studies.

Methods: High-throughput head-space solid-phase microextraction as sample preparation, separation by capillary gas chromatography coupled with triple stage quadrupole mass spectrometry has been evaluated as the analytical method.

Optimization in multidimensional gas chromatography applying quantitative analysis via a stable isotope dilution assay.

Trace level analyses in complex matrices benefit from heart-cut multidimensional gas chromatographic (MDGC) separations and quantification via a stable isotope dilution assay. Minimization of the potential transfer of co-eluting matrix compounds from the first dimension ((1)D) separation into the second dimension separation requests narrow cut-windows. Knowledge about the nature of the isotope effect in the separation of labeled and unlabeled compounds allows choosing conditions resulting in at best a co-elution situation in the (1)D separation.

Analysis of corky off-flavour compounds at ultra trace level with multidimensional gas chromatography-electron capture detection.

A robust method for routine quality control of corky off-flavour compounds in wine and cork soak matrices has been established. Based on an automated headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME), the method needs only marginal sample preparation and achieves low (sub-ng L(-1)) trace level detection limits (LODs) for the most relevant off-flavour compounds, such as 2,4,6-trichloroanisole (TCA), 2,3,4,6-tetrachloroanisole (TeCA) and 2,4,6-tribromoanisole (TBA). Particularly for wine matrix, reliable trace level quantification had only been achieved after applying heart-cutting multidimensional gas chromatography (MDGC).

Trace level analysis of corky off-flavor compounds: development of a new analytical method based on solid phase extraction and analysis by multidimensional gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection.

This work describes the development of a trace level (<1 ngL(-1)) analysis of haloanisoles in complex wine matrix. The suggested method involves sample preparation based on solid phase extraction, a clean-up to remove acidic compounds, concentration of the haloanisole fraction and large volume on-column injection into a multidimensional GC-MS system. Mass spectrometric detection in the selected ion mode allowed reliable quantification of 2,4,6-trichloroanisole (TCA) or 2,4,6-tribromoanisole (TBA), via their highly deuterated ([(2)H5]) isotopologues as internal standards (stable isotope dilution analysis; SIDA), which had prior been synthesized in house.

Aroma changes due to second fermentation and glycosylated precursors in Chardonnay and Riesling sparkling wines.

Aroma changes in Chardonnay and Riesling base wines caused by the second fermentation were investigated by a targeted component analysis: A stable isotope dilution approach using headspace solid phase microextraction coupled online to gas chromatography mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) was applied to quantify 37 compounds relevant for sparkling wine aroma. In an enrichment experiment, glycosylated precursors isolated from one Chardonnay and one Riesling base wine were used to double the original amount in these base wines. Along with increased concentrations of precursor-derived volatiles after the second fermentation, descriptive sensory evaluation revealed an enhancement of fruity aroma impressions reminiscent of, for example, peach or cantaloupe.

Pitfalls encountered during quantitative determination of 3-alkyl-2-methoxypyrazines in grape must and wine using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with stable isotope dilution analysis. Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and on-line liquid chromatography-multidimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry as potential loopholes.

The analysis of 3-alkyl-2-methoxypyrazines in Vitis vinifera grape must or wine at the low nanogram per liter level failed in several situations when applying a one-dimensional gas chromatographic analysis with mass spectrometric detection (GC-MS). Sample preparation methods such as headspace solid phase microextraction or solid phase extraction were convenient procedures, however lacking extraction selectivity for complex matrices. Analysis by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection clearly demonstrated the potential for co-elution in such matrices and the risk for erroneous results when applying one-dimensional GC-MS.