The digestible indispensable amino acid score (DIAAS) in eggs and egg-containing breakfast meals is greater than in toast breads or hash browns served without eggs.

The objectives of this experiment were to determine the digestible indispensable amino acid score (DIAAS) for eggs cooked in different forms and in traditional egg-bread or egg-hash brown combinations, and to test the hypothesis that DIAAS in eggs is greater than in breads or potatoes. Nine ileal cannulated gilts (average initial body weight: 51.1 ± 6.

Determination of energy values in pistachio shell powder and soybean hulls fed to gestating and lactating sows.

Pistachio shell powder is a high-fiber co-product from the pistachio nut industry that may provide energy and nutrients in animal diets, but no data have been reported for the nutritional value of pistachio shell powder when fed to pigs. Two experiments were, therefore, conducted to test the hypothesis that apparent total tract digestibility () of gross energy (), dry matter (), and total dietary fiber () and concentration of digestible energy () in pistachio shell powder are not different from those in soybean hulls when fed to gestating or lactating sows. In experiment 1, 24 gestating sows were housed in metabolism crates and fed a corn-based basal diet or 2 diets that contained corn and 20% pistachio shell powder or corn and 20% soybean hulls.

Dietary supplementation of valine, isoleucine, and tryptophan may overcome the negative effects of excess leucine in diets for weanling pigs containing corn fermented protein.

Background: Diets with high inclusion of corn co-products such as corn fermented protein (CFP) may contain excess Leu, which has a negative impact on feed intake and growth performance of pigs due to increased catabolism of Val and Ile and reduced availability of Trp in the brain for serotonin synthesis. However, we hypothesized that the negative effect of using CFP in diets for weanling pigs may be overcome if diets are fortified with crystalline sources of Val, Trp, and (or) Ile.

Methods: Three hundred and twenty weanling pigs were randomly allotted to one of 10 dietary treatments in a completely randomized design, with 4 pigs per pen and 8 replicate pens per treatment.

Reduction of particle size of field peas (Pisum sativum L.) increases net energy and digestibility of starch when fed to growing pigs, but there is no difference in nutritional value between peas from the United States and peas from Canada.

Two experiments were conducted to test the hypotheses that particle size of field peas and location where peas are grown do not affect apparent total tract digestibility of nutrients and gross energy, digestible energy (DE), metabolizable energy (ME), and net energy (NE), apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of starch, or standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of crude protein (CP) and amino acids (AA). In both experiments, 3 sources of field peas were used. One source was obtained from the United States and 2 sources were obtained from Canada (i.

The pig is an excellent model to determine amino acid digestibility of human foods and to generate data needed to meet human amino acid requirements.

The protein value of any food item is determined by the quantity and ileal digestibility of indispensable amino acids in that food. To determine the ileal digestibility of amino acids, an animal model needs to be used, and the pig is the preferred model because values for ileal digestibility obtained in pigs are representative of values obtained in humans. In addition, pigs are omnivorous animals like humans, they are meal eaters, they consume most diets that humans consume, they are easy to work with, and they can be used for repeated determinations of digestibility in many foods.

Addition of Spray-Dried Plasma in Phase 2 Diets for Weanling Pigs Improves Growth Performance, Reduces Diarrhea Incidence, and Decreases Mucosal Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines.

The hypothesis that pigs fed a low crude protein (CP) diet with 6% spray-dried plasma (SDP) in phase 1 will have improved growth and intestinal health if the phase-2 diet contains 2.5% SDP was tested. Three hundred weaned pigs were used.

Pelleting and particle size reduction of corn increase net energy and digestibility of fiber, protein, and fat in corn-soybean meal diets fed to group-housed pigs.

Background: Reduction of the particle size of corn increases energy digestibility and concentrations of digestible and metabolizable energy. Pelleting may also reduce particle size of grain, but it is not known if there are interactions between particle size reduction and pelleting. The objective of this experiment was to test the hypothesis that particle size reduction and pelleting, separately or in combination, increase N balance, apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of fiber and fat, and net energy (NE) in corn-soybean meal diets fed to group-housed pigs.

Influence of particle size and origin of field peas on apparent ileal digestibility of starch and amino acids and standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids when fed to growing pigs.

The objective was to test the hypothesis that particle size and origin of field peas influence the apparent ileal digestibility () of starch, crude protein (), and amino acids () and the standardized ileal digestibility () of AA. Three sources of field peas were procured. One source was from the United States and two sources were from Canada.

Effect of the pelleting process on diet formulations with varying levels of crystalline amino acids and reducing sugars on digestibility in growing pigs.

The objective of this experiment was to determine the effects of pelleting on the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) and crude protein (CP) in diets with or without increased concentrations of free AA and reducing sugars (RS). Eight individually housed, ileal cannulated barrows (initially 31.4 kg) were allotted to an 8 × 8 Latin square with eight diets and eight 7-d periods with ileal digesta collected on days 6 and 7.

Amino acid and mineral digestibility, bone ash, and plasma inositol is increased by including microbial phytase in diets for growing pigs.

Background: The effect of microbial phytase on amino acid and energy digestibility is not consistent in pigs, which may be related to the phytase dosage or the adaptation length to the diet. Therefore, an experiment was conducted to test the hypotheses that increasing dietary phytase after an 18-day adaptation period: 1) increases nutrient and energy digestibility; 2) increases plasma P, plasma inositol, and bone ash of young pigs; and 3) demonstrates that maximum phytate degradation requires more phytase than maximum P digestibility.

Results: Data indicated that increasing inclusion of phytase [0, 250, 500, 1,000, 2,000, and 4,000 phytase units (FTU)/kg feed] in corn-soybean meal-based diets increased apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of Trp (quadratic; P < 0.

Digestibility of energy and concentrations of metabolizable energy and net energy varies among sources of bakery meal when fed to growing pigs.

The null hypothesis that there are no differences in concentrations of digestible energy (DE), metabolizable energy (ME), and net energy (NE) among different sources of bakery meal was tested in a regional experiment involving 5 of the universities on the North Central Coordinating Committee-42 on Swine Nutrition. Eleven sources of bakery meal were procured from the swine producing areas in the United States and included in one diet as the only energy containing ingredient, and each diet was then divided into 5 batches that were used at the University of Illinois, Purdue University, University of Kentucky, University of Nebraska, and North Carolina State University. At each university, diets were fed to 22 growing pigs (2 pigs per diet) that were placed in metabolism crates, and feces and urine were collected for 5 d after a 7-d adaptation period.

Digestibility of calcium in calcium-containing ingredients and requirements for digestible calcium by growing pigs.

The concentration of Ca in plant feed ingredients is low compared with the requirement for pigs and most Ca in diets for pigs is provided by limestone and Ca phosphate. To determine digestibility values for Ca that are additive in mixed diets, the standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of Ca needs to be calculated, and the STTD of Ca by growing pigs in most Ca-containing ingredients has been reported. Although Ca is an inexpensive nutrient compared with P and amino acids, excess Ca needs to be avoided because excess dietary Ca results in reduced P digestibility, reduced feed intake, and reduced growth performance of pigs.

Short communication: commercial diets for pigs in the United States contain more calcium than formulated.

Data from Europe indicate that commercial diets for pigs and poultry contain significantly more Ca than formulated. Therefore, a survey of commercial pig diets used in the United States was conducted to test the hypothesis that the analyzed concentrations of total Ca and total P in commercial pig diets in the United States are not greater than formulated values. A total of 103 diet samples from the commercial swine industry in the United States were collected between 2019 and 2021.

Chemical composition of barley and co-products from barley, corn, and wheat produced in South-East Asia or Australia.

Objective: A study was conducted to determine the chemical composition of barley and co-products from barley, corn, and wheat produced in South-East Asia or Australia, and to test the hypothesis that production area or production methods can impact the chemical composition of wheat co-products.

Methods: Samples included seven barley grains, two malt barley rootlets, one corn gluten feed, one corn gluten meal, one corn bran, eight wheat brans, one wheat mill mix, and four wheat pollards. All samples were analyzed for dry matter, gross energy, nitrogen, amino acids (AA), acid hydrolyzed ether extract, ash, minerals, starch, and insoluble dietary fiber and soluble dietary fiber.

Effect of heat treatment on protein quality of rapeseed protein isolate compared with non-heated rapeseed isolate, soy and whey protein isolates, and rice and pea protein concentrates.

Background: Rapeseed protein isolate is used in the food industry, and heating is often used during rapeseed processing. However, the digestible indispensable amino acid score (DIAAS) for heat-treated rapeseed protein isolate is unknown. The present study aimed to test the hypothesis that heating rapeseed protein isolate improves protein quality resulting in DIAAS that is greater than for pea and rice protein concentrates, and comparable to that of soy and whey protein isolates.

Standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids differs among sources of bakery meal when fed to growing pigs.

A multistate experiment involving universities in IL, IN, KY, and MN was conducted as a part of the research efforts by the North-Central Coordinating Committee-42 on swine nutrition. The null hypothesis that there are no differences in the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) among different sources of bakery meal was tested. Eleven sources of bakery meal were procured from swine-producing states in the United States and each source was included in one diet as the sole source of AA.

Limited impacts of high doses of dietary copper on the gut bacterial metal resistome explain negligible co-selection of antibiotic resistance.

High dietary intake of Cu has previously been linked to the selection of Cu resistance and co-selection of antibiotic resistance in specific gut bacteria. Based on a novel HT-qPCR metal resistance gene chip as combined with 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and phenotypic resistance typing of Escherichia coli isolates, we here report the impacts of two contrasting Cu-based feed additives on the swine gut bacterial metal resistome and community assembly. DNA was extracted from fecal samples (n = 80) collected at day 26 and 116 of the experiment from 200 pigs allotted to five dietary treatments: negative control (NC) diet with 20 μg CuSO g and four diets added 125 or 250 μg CuSO g feed or 125 or 250 μg CuO g feed to the NC diet.

Chemical composition of banana meal and rice bran from Australia or South-East Asia.

Objective: A study was conducted to determine the chemical composition of banana meal and rice bran from Australia or South-East Asia and test the hypothesis that there are no differences in rice bran produced in different countries, but there are differences between full-fat and defatted rice bran.

Methods: Two sources of banana meal and 22 sources of rice bran (full-fat or defatted) from Australia or South-East Asia were used. All samples were analyzed for dry matter, gross energy, nitrogen, amino acids (AA), acid hydrolyzed ether extract (AEE), ash, minerals, total starch, insoluble dietary fiber, and soluble dietary fiber.

Effects of corn hardness and drying temperature on digestibility of energy and nutrients in diets fed to growing pigs.

Two experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that corn kernel hardness and drying temperature influence the ileal digestibility of starch and amino acids (AA), as well as apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of gross energy (GE) and total dietary fiber (TDF) in diets for growing pigs. Two corn varieties with average or hard endosperm were grown and harvested under similar conditions, and after harvest, each variety was divided into 2 batches that were dried at 35 and 120 °C, respectively. Therefore, four batches of corn were used.

Metabolizable energy and apparent total tract digestibility of energy and nutrients differ among samples of sunflower meal and sunflower expellers fed to growing pigs.

An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that there are no differences among samples of sunflower coproducts in apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of gross energy (GE), crude protein (CP), and acid hydrolyzed ether extract (AEE), total dietary fiber (TDF), insoluble dietary fiber, soluble dietary fiber (SDF), or in metabolizable energy (ME) regardless of where the ingredient was produced. Six samples of sunflower meal (SFM) were obtained from the United States (two samples), Ukraine (two samples), Hungary, and Italy. A sample of sunflower expellers (SFE) from the United States was also used.

Nutritional value of a new source of cheese coproduct fed to weanling pigs.

Three experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that values for standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) and metabolizable energy (ME) in a the cheese coproduct are greater than in fish meal or enzyme-treated soybean meal (ESBM). The second objective was to test the hypothesis that pigs fed a diet containing cheese coproduct will have growth performance that is not different from that of pigs fed other sources of protein. In experiment 1, eight ileal-cannulated barrows (11.

Inclusion of spray dried plasma in diets based on different ingredient combinations increases the digestibility of energy, fiber, Ca, and P by young pigs.

An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that inclusion of spray dried plasma (SDP) in diets increases apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) and/or the standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of gross energy (GE) and nutrients in diets for young pigs, and that ATTD of energy and nutrients or STTD of P in individual ingredients are additive in diets containing SDP. Eighty barrows (body weight: 9.30 ± 0.

Ferulic and coumaric acid in corn and soybean meal-based diets and in feces from pigs fed these diets.

Background: Arabinoxylan is the main fiber component in corn and corn co-products that are commonly included in pig diets. However, this fiber fraction is resistant to enzymatic degradation in the gastrointestinal tract of pigs. Ferulic acid and p-coumaric acid are covalently linked to arabinoxylan, so it is likely that the majority of these hydroxycinnamic acids are excreted in feces.

Torula yeast may improve intestinal health and immune function of weanling pigs.

An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that inclusion of a conventional torula yeast or a torula yeast produced from forestry byproducts (i.e., woody torula yeast) in diets for weanling pigs instead of fish meal and plasma protein improves growth performance and intestinal health of pigs.

Chemical composition of copra, palm kernel, and cashew co-products from South-East Asia and almond hulls from Australia.

Objective: Oilseeds and nut co-products can be used as alternative feed ingredients in animal diets because they may have a lower cost than traditional ingredients. A study was, therefore, conducted to determine the chemical composition of copra, palm kernel, and nut coproducts from South-East Asia or Australia. The hypothesis that country of production influences nutritional composition was tested.