Perfusion analysis of benign parotid gland tumors by contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS).

Background: Diagnosis of parotid gland tumors is sometimes challenging due to their diversity and pleomorphic histological appearance. B-scan sonography along with color-coded duplex sonography is the gold standard in the diagnostic workup of these lesions, whereas histopathology is to date the gold standard for the final diagnosis. To date no single imaging technique provides the chance for an art-diagnosis with highly diagnostic accuracy.

Clinical parameters influencing the results of anterior rhinomanometry in children.

Background: Nasal obstruction is a frequent symptom in both adults and children and it is a common reason to see an otorhinolaryngologist. Endoscopy of the nasal cavity and the epipharyngeal space along with anterior rhinomanometry is regarded the gold standard since many years to estimate the severity of nasal obstruction in the particular patient. Endoscopy shows anatomical reasons for an obstruction, whereas the nasal flow volume and nasal resistance can be determined using anterior rhinomanometry.

Sinogenic Orbital Complications.

Background: The term "orbital complication" does not designate an independent nosological entity, but is rather a collective designation for diseases or disease effects that involve the orbit and its internal structures by extension from outside. In general, their most prominent manifestation is swelling of the orbital soft tissues, usually unilaterally. The incidence of sinogenic orbital complications is approximately 1.

Impact of human papillomaviruses (HPV) on recurrence rate and malignant progression of sinonasal papillomas.

Sinonasal papillomas are characterized by their potential for frequent recurrences and malignant progression. Currently, the role of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in sinonasal papillomas is unclear. A study was conducted to elucidate the impact of HPV infection on recurrence and malignant progression of sinonasal papillomas.

Rare Differential Diagnosis of Dyspnea: Extramedullary Plasmocytoma (EMP) of the Larynx-Case Report and Review of the Latest Literature of Laryngeal EMP and Laryngeal Involvement of Multiple Myeloma.

Multiple myeloma (MM) of the larynx is extremely rare. It can be either a laryngeal manifestation of a general multiple myeloma or it can occur as a primary laryngeal mass, which is then called extramedullary plasmocytoma (EMP). We present the case of an 81-year-old male patient who was admitted for dyspnea.

Microscopic examination of iatrogenic subglottic tracheal stenosis: observations that may elucidate its histopathologic origin.

Objectives: The histopathologic origin of iatrogenic subglottic tracheal stenosis (ISTS) remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to use detailed operative microscopy to systematically examine the operative en bloc specimens of patients with ISTS and to observe the histologic and morphological changes in the hopes that these observations will provide insight into the histopathologic origin of these devastating injuries.

Methods: The operative specimens of 18 patients who underwent open tracheal or laryngotracheal resection for ISTS were examined.

Reconstruction of large pharyngeal defects with microvascular free flaps and myocutaneous pedicled flaps.

Purpose Of Review: The current review will focus on the therapeutic options for reconstruction of large and complex defects of the oropharynx and hypopharynx, and the cervical esophagus following surgery for squamous cell carcinoma. The advantages and disadvantages of pedicled flaps, including the pectoralis major myocutaneous flap (PMMF) and supraclavicular artery flap (SAF), as well as the fasciocutaneous free flaps, including the radial forearm free flap (RFFF), the anterolateral thigh flap (ALT), and the jejunum free flap, are reviewed with particular emphasis on the literature from the past 2 years.

Recent Findings: For partial pharyngeal defects, several reconstructive options, that is, PMMF, RFFF, SAF, and ALT might all be appropriate.

MGMT activity in mucosal epithelium and squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck.

Unlabelled: Smoking and alcohol abuse cause squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) through smoke-induced mutations, which are counteracted by O(6)-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT). This study aimed at elucidating the role of MGMT in SCCHN and its precursor lesions (SIN). MGMT was also determined in the normal mucosa (NM) and blood lymphocytes (PBLCs).

Ultrasound usage in the head and neck surgeon's office.

Purpose Of Review: To review the essential developments in neck sonography published in the past 12 months and to elucidate their influence on the indications and diagnostic accuracy of office-based ultrasonography.

Recent Findings: In the screening of the neck in patients with squamous cell carcinoma, sonographic and duplex sonographic characteristics have been described to identify lymph node metastases, that is, size, shape, echogenicity, homogeneity, absence of hilar sign and hilar vessel, surface irregularity, necrotic areas, evidence of extracapsular spread, peripheral perfusion pattern, focal vascularization defects, and high pulsatility index. The combination of conventional ultrasound, duplex sonography, and ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsies (USgFNAB) achieves an overall accuracy of nearly 100%.

Expression of bcl-2 is associated with microvessel density in olfactory neuroblastoma.

Erythropoietin (Epo) expression is regulated via hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1alpha-directed gene transcription. Activation of the erythropoietin receptor (EpoR) by Epo leads to elevated expression of the anti-apoptotic protein, bcl-2, which has recently been shown to promote angiogenesis in malignant tumors. Expression of HIF-1alpha, Epo, EpoR, and bcl-2 was studied by immunohistochemistry in a series of 20 olfactory neuroblastoma (ONB) samples.

Comparative analysis of the epithelium stroma interaction of acquired middle ear cholesteatoma in children and adults.

In the clinical setting, pediatric cholesteatomas frequently behave more aggressively than similar lesions in adults. The reason for the difference in behavior is still unclear. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the cell to cell and epithelial-stroma interaction of acquired cholesteatoma in adults and children and search for differences on the cellular level, which might explain the different behavior of these lesions.

Molecular biologic characteristics of seven new cell lines of squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck and comparison to fresh tumor tissue.

Background: Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the most frequent malignant tumor of the upper aerodigestive tract. Cell lines of these tumors facilitate the investigation of various tumor biological parameters. This study was conducted to compare molecular biologic characteristics between cell lines and fresh tumor tissue.

Investigations for fine mapping of amplifications in chromosome 3q26.3-28 frequently occurring in squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck.

Objective: Overrepresentations of chromosomal material on the long arm of chromosome 3 frequently occur in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. This experimental study was conducted for further fine mapping of these overrepresentations by interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) of tumor cells in cell lines.

Methods: Seven cell lines derived from squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck were investigated by comparative genomic hybridization to analyze unbalanced chromosomal aberrations.

Analysis of cytogenetic aberrations in esthesioneuroblastomas by comparative genomic hybridization.

Esthesioneuroblastoma (ENB) are rare tumors originating from the olfactory epithelium of the superior nasal cavity. This lesion is morphologically closely related to Ewing sarcoma and other peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumors (pPNET). The affiliation of ENB to the pPNET family is still under discussion.