Childhood Estimates of Glomerular Filtration Rate Based on Creatinine and Cystatin C: Importance of Body Composition.

Background: Creatinine and cystatin C concentrations are commonly used to estimate glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in clinical practice and epidemiological studies. To estimate the influence of different body composition measures on eGFR from creatinine and cystatin C blood concentrations, we compared the associations of different anthropometric and body composition measures with eGFR derived from creatinine (eGFRcreat) and cystatin C (eGFRcystC) blood concentrations.

Methods: In a population-based cohort study among 4,305 children aged 6.

Fetal first trimester growth is not associated with kidney outcomes in childhood.

Background: Impaired fetal growth is associated with increased risks of kidney diseases in later life. Because human development rates are highest during the first trimester, this trimester may be a particularly critical period for kidney outcomes. We have therefore examined the association of fetal first trimester growth with kidney outcomes in childhood.

Associations of Maternal and Paternal Blood Pressure Patterns and Hypertensive Disorders during Pregnancy with Childhood Blood Pressure.

Background: Hypertensive disorders in pregnancy may affect the cardiovascular risk of offspring. We examined the associations of maternal blood pressure throughout pregnancy and hypertensive disorders in pregnancy with childhood blood pressure of offspring. Specific focus was on the comparison with paternal blood pressure effects, the identification of critical periods, and the role of birth outcomes and childhood body mass index in the observed associations.

Protein intake in infancy and kidney size and function at the age of 6 years: The Generation R Study.

Background: High protein intake has been linked to kidney growth and function. Whether protein intake is related to kidney outcomes in healthy children is unclear.

Methods: We examined the associations between protein intake in infancy and kidney outcomes at age 6 years in 2968 children participating in a population-based cohort study.

Infant Breastfeeding and Kidney Function in School-Aged Children.

Background: Early life factors may influence kidney growth and function throughout the life course. We examined the associations of breastfeeding duration and exclusivity and age at introduction of solid foods with kidney outcomes at school age.

Study Design: Prospective cohort study from fetal life onward.

Fetal Smoke Exposure and Kidney Outcomes in School-Aged Children.

Background: Fetal smoke exposure may result in developmental adaptations that permanently affect the developing kidney. In this study, the associations of maternal and paternal smoking during pregnancy with childhood kidney size and function were assessed.

Study Design: Prospective cohort study from fetal life onward.

Childhood kidney outcomes in relation to fetal blood flow and kidney size.

Impaired fetal abdominal blood flow may lead to smaller kidneys and subsequent impaired kidney function in later life. In a prospective cohort study among 923 pregnant women and their children, we measured fetal growth, kidney volumes, and umbilical and cerebral artery blood flow (median gestational age of 30.3 weeks; 95% range, 28.

Fetal and infant growth patterns and kidney function at school age.

Low birth weight is associated with ESRD. To identify specific growth patterns in early life that may be related to kidney function in later life, we examined the associations of longitudinally measured fetal and infant growth with kidney function in school-aged children. This study was embedded in a population-based prospective cohort study among 6482 children followed from fetal life onward.

Kidney size and function in a multi-ethnic population-based cohort of school-age children.

Background: Subclinical impaired kidney growth and function in childhood may lead to kidney diseases and high blood pressure in adulthood. We assessed the cross-sectional associations of childhood characteristics with kidney size and function in a multi-ethnic cohort.

Methods: This study was embedded in a population-based cohort study of 6,397 children with a median age of 6.

Cardiovascular and metabolic influences of fetal smoke exposure.

Many epidemiological studies showed associations of low birth weight with cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes and obesity. The associations seem to be consistent and stronger among subjects with a postnatal catch up growth. It has been suggested that developmental changes in response to adverse fetal exposures might lead to changes in the fetal anatomy and physiology.

Development of proximal arm muscle control during reaching in young infants: from variation to selection.

Unlabelled: Reaching movements are initiated by activity of the prime mover, i.e. the first activated arm muscle.

Development of postural control in typically developing children and children with cerebral palsy: possibilities for intervention?

The basic level of postural control is functionally active from early infancy onwards: young infants possess a repertoire of direction-specific postural adjustments. Whether or not direction-specific adjustments are used depends on the child's age and the nature of the postural task. The second level of control emerges after 3 months: children start to develop the capacity to adapt postural activity to environmental constraints.

Postural adjustments and reaching in 4- and 6-month-old infants: an EMG and kinematical study.

Adequate postural control is a prerequisite for daily activities such as reaching for an object. However, knowledge on the relationship between postural adjustments and the quality of reaching movements during human ontogeny is scarce. Therefore we evaluated the development of the relationship between the kinematic features of reaching movements and the accompanying postural adjustments in young infants.