Sex differences and indications of metabolic compensation in within-day energy balance in elite Division 1 swimmers.

To determine whether mismatched energy intake and expenditure across the day and associated sex differences may be related with metabolic compensation and/or negative health outcomes, we assessed total-day and hourly energy balance (TDEB and EB), total-day and hourly energy intake (TDEI and EI), total-day and hourly energy expenditure (TDEE and EE) and within-day energy balance (WDEB) in elite male and female swimmers ( = 25; 18-22 years). Total triiodothyronine (TT), resting metabolic rate (RMR), and the ratio of actual-to-predicted RMR were determined. Males exhibited higher TDEB (+758 ± 702 kcal vs +52 ± 505 kcal, -test;  = 0.