Transcranial magnetic stimulation enhances the specificity of multiple sclerosis diagnostic criteria: a critical narrative review.

Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated neurodegenerative disease that involves attacks of inflammatory demyelination and axonal damage, with variable but continuous disability accumulation. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a noninvasive method to characterize conduction loss and axonal damage in the corticospinal tract. TMS as a technique provides indices of corticospinal tract function that may serve as putative MS biomarkers.

Lower corticospinal excitability and greater fatigue among people with multiple sclerosis experiencing pain.

Introduction: Persons with multiple sclerosis (MS) frequently report pain that negatively affects their quality of life. Evidence linking pain and corticospinal excitability in MS is sparse. We aimed to (1) examine differences in corticospinal excitability in MS participants with and without pain and (2) explore predictors of pain.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation maps the neurophysiology of chronic noncancer pain: A scoping review.

Background: Chronic noncancer pain is a global public health challenge. It is imperative to identify biological markers ("biomarkers") to understand the mechanisms underlying chronic pain and to monitor pain over time and after interventions. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a promising method for this purpose.

Variability in size-selective mortality obscures the importance of larval traits to recruitment success in a temperate marine fish.

In fishes, the growth-mortality hypothesis has received broad acceptance as a driver of recruitment variability. Recruitment is likely to be lower in years when the risk of starvation and predation in the larval stage is greater, leading to higher mortality. Juvenile snapper, Pagrus auratus (Sparidae), experience high recruitment variation in Port Phillip Bay, Australia.