Mid-level health providers (MLHPs) in delivering and improving access to primary health care services - a narrative review.

Background: For primary healthcare systems to bring care closer to the communities, the availability of appropriate human resources is crucial. The primary care workforce in the world is expanding to include non-physician health workers (NPHWs) to increase its capacity. Also, NPHWs as mid-level health providers (MLHPs) are currently being employed in high- and low-income countries to assist doctors and specialists to make up for the scarcity of health professionals.

Probiotic Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 alleviates the neurotoxicity caused by acrylamide in zebrafish.

Neurotoxicity is caused by damage to the brain tissue by neurotoxic agents present in the environment and artificial substances produced by human beings. Acrylamide (ACR) is one such chemical substance that causes neurotoxicity, affecting the brain cells. This neurotoxicity causes damage to the sensory and metabolic functions.

Impact of higher-income countries on child health in lower-income countries from a climate change perspective. A case study of the UK and Malawi.

Climate change is the number one threat to child health according to the World Health Organisation. It increases existing inequalities, and lower-income countries are disproportionately affected. This is unjust.

Health facility utilization and Healthcare-seeking behaviour of the elderly population in India.

Background: The increasing elderly population in India has generated an unmet need for healthcare services concerning them. To address some of those needs, the study aims to provide the current status of health facility utilization, health-seeking behaviour (HSB), and factors influencing them.

Methodology: Data from the Longitudinal Ageing Study in India (LASI)-Wave I was used to conduct multivariate analysis to assess the association between health facility utilization (inpatient and outpatient) and HSB across all age groups of the elderly.

Rapid assessment of NCD services rollout in Health and Wellness Centres in North-Eastern Indian state: A cross- sectional study.

Background: The creation of health and wellness centres (HWCs) to deliver comprehensive primary healthcare (CPHC) is a programmatic response to the changing demographic and epidemiological profile in India. Since the north-eastern (NE) states face distinct challenges to routine healthcare services, and it has been two years since the rollout of non-communicable disease (NCD) services through the HWCs, a rapid assessment of the rollout with respect to all components of CPHC was undertaken in the NE state of Manipur.

Methods: The assessment was undertaken using a mixed methodology to assess the rollout of NCD services under CPHC based on the functionality criteria of HWCs.

Adding health to years: A review of the National Programme for Health Care of the Elderly (NPHCE) in India.

The global share of elderly persons (60 years and above) is expected to rise from 13.4% in 2020 to 21.3% by 2050.

How can corporate taxes contribute to sub-Saharan Africa's Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)? A case study of Vodafone.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic and the climate emergency threaten progress in reaching many of the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) targets by 2030. The under-5 mortality and maternal mortality rates are well below the targets, and if we progress at the current pace, there is a high risk of not meeting the 2030 goals. Furthermore, the initial progress in the decline in child and maternal mortality since 1990 is likely to be eroded.

Accuracy of a Risk Alert Threshold for ICU Hypoglycemia: Retrospective Analysis of Alert Performance and Association With Clinical Deterioration Events.

Objectives: To quantify the accuracy of and clinical events associated with a risk alert threshold for impending hypoglycemia during ICU admissions.

Design: Retrospective electronic health record review of clinical events occurring greater than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to 12 hours after the hypoglycemia risk alert threshold was met.

Setting: Adult ICU admissions from June 2020 through April 2021 at the University of Virginia Medical Center.

Effect on essential health services during COVID-19 at the Primary level in India.

Background: Coronavirus diesease (COVID-19) led to increased demand on the Indian health system due to the pandemic as well as other communicable and non-communicable diseases. Guidance was thus issued by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW), India, in April 2020 to maintain the delivery of essential health services.

Objectives: To determine the extent of disruptions of essential healthcare services, identify associated factors, and establish pertinent correlations to address specific needs.

Home-based newborn care (HBNC) under the national health mission in urban India - A cross country secondary analysis.

Background: There is a paucity of evidence in the coverage of the home-based newborn care (HBNC) program delivered through the National Urban Health Mission (NUHM). Hence, an analysis was undertaken to identify gaps and progress in its implementation and inform policy and strategies to achieve universal access to newborn services.

Objectives: The study aimed to evaluate and understand the status of the HBNC program in urban areas of India through a health systems approach.

An analysis of tax abuse, debt, and climate change risk in low-income and lower-middle-income countries.

Introduction: Climate change is exacerbating a pre-existing child rights crisis. Lower- (low- and lower-middle-) income countries have borne 99% of the disease burden from the crisis, of which children under five carry 90%. In response, much of the recent global policy efforts focus on climate action.

Development of a dual antigen lateral flow immunoassay for detecting Yersinia pestis.

Background: Yersinia pestis is the causative agent of plague, a zoonosis associated with small mammals. Plague is a severe disease, especially in the pneumonic and septicemic forms, where fatality rates approach 100% if left untreated. The bacterium is primarily transmitted via flea bite or through direct contact with an infected host.

Development of Immunoassays for Detection of Lipopolysaccharide in Tularemia Patient Samples.

is the causative agent of tularemia, a zoonotic bacterial infection that is often fatal if not diagnosed and treated promptly. Natural infection in humans is relatively rare, yet persistence in animal reservoirs, arthropod vectors, and water sources combined with a low level of clinical recognition make tularemia a serious potential threat to public health in endemic areas. has also garnered attention as a potential bioterror threat, as widespread dissemination could have devastating consequences on a population.

Scoping review of the risk factors and time frame for development of post-traumatic hydrocephalus.

Post-traumatic hydrocephalus (PTH) following traumatic brain injury (TBI) may develop within or beyond the acute phase of recovery. Recognition and subsequent treatment of this condition leads to improved neurologic outcomes. In this scoping review, we identify statistically significant demographic, clinical, radiographic, and surgical risk factors as well as a predictive time frame for the onset of PTH in order to facilitate timely diagnosis.

Development of an antigen detection assay for early point-of-care diagnosis of Zaire ebolavirus.

The 2013-2016 Ebola virus (EBOV) outbreak in West Africa and the ongoing cases in the Democratic Republic of the Congo have spurred development of a number of medical countermeasures, including rapid Ebola diagnostic tests. The likelihood of transmission increases as the disease progresses due to increasing viral load and potential for contact with others. Early diagnosis of EBOV is essential for halting spread of the disease.

Outcomes of Participation in a Community-Based Physical Activity Program.

Fit and Fall Proof (FFP) program, established in 2004, is a peer volunteer-led collaboration between state and local public health organizations. The goal is to bring sustainable physical activity programs to underserved populations, including those in rural and frontier communities. FFP program is designed to help older adults maintain independence by improving mobility and function and providing opportunities for social engagement.

ANO1 in intramuscular interstitial cells of Cajal plays a key role in the generation of slow waves and tone in the internal anal sphincter.

Key Points: The internal anal sphincter develops tone important for maintaining high anal pressure and continence. Controversy exists regarding the mechanisms underlying tone development. We examined the hypothesis that tone depends upon electrical slow waves (SWs) initiated in intramuscular interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC-IM) by activation of Ca -activated Cl channels (ANO1, encoded by Ano1) and voltage-dependent L-type Ca channels (Cav , encoded by Cacna1c).

Increased reward value of non-social stimuli in children and adolescents with autism.

An econometric choice task was used to estimate the implicit reward value of social and non-social stimuli related to restricted interests in children and adolescents with (n = 12) and without (n = 22) autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Mixed effects logistic regression analyses revealed that groups differed in valuation of images related to restricted interests: control children were indifferent to cash payouts to view these images, but children with ASD were willing to receive less cash payout to view these images. Groups did not differ in valuation of social images or non-social images not related to restricted interests.

Resolving Bottlenecks: Converting Three High-Enrollment Nursing Courses to an Online Format.

Background: Converting large undergraduate classes from the classroom to online has been an effective way to increase enrollments in high-demand courses in undergraduate education. However, challenges exist to maintaining students' high-quality learning interaction and engagement in large online courses. This article presents a collaborative model between faculty in health sciences and instructional designers to redesign and redevelop three high-enrollment courses to online at Boise State University.

Individual differences in susceptibility to large portion sizes among obese and normal-weight children.

Objective: Determine the association of children's susceptibility to large food portion sizes with appetite regulation and obesity.

Methods: Normal-weight and obese non-Hispanic black children (n = 100) aged 5-6 years were observed in four dinner conditions of varying portion size; portions of all foods (except milk) offered were: 100% (677 kcal), 150% (1015 kcal), 200% (1353 kcal), or 250% (1691 kcal) of those in the reference condition (100%). Condition order was randomly assigned to 2-4 children who ate together at each meal.

Everything the nurse practitioner should know about pediatric feeding tubes.

Purpose: To provide an overview of the current feeding tubes in use in the pediatric population including feeding tube complications, and specific guidance for patients at the initiation, throughout the use of, and at the discontinuation of tube feeding.

Data Sources: A review of the literature was performed using multiple databases including PubMed, CINAHL, Ovid Medline, and Cochrane Library. Key words used included pediatric gastrostomy (G) tubes, nasogastric (NG) tubes, gastrojejunostomy (GJ) tubes, enteral access, and nurse practitioner (NP).

Early changes in hepatic function among HIV-tuberculosis patients treated with nevirapine or efavirenz along with rifampin-based anti-tuberculosis therapy.

Objectives: To describe the longitudinal changes in hepatic function among HIV-infected tuberculosis (TB) patients receiving once-daily nevirapine (NVP)- or efavirenz (EFV)-based antiretroviral treatment (ART) along with rifampin-containing anti-TB treatment.

Methods: This was a nested study within a randomized clinical trial, taking place between May 2006 and June 2008 at the National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India. Antiretroviral-naïve HIV-infected TB patients were initiated on an intermittent short-course regimen and randomized to receive didanosine and lamivudine with either NVP (400 mg) or EFV (600 mg) once-daily.